综合写作

综合写作涉及阅读和听力内容，先于写作进行。首先，考生需要在3分钟的规定时间内阅读完一篇学术文长，接着听一段与阅读内容主题相关、论点相关的讲座录音，最后就讲座的要点写一篇概述。（注：在考生写作的时间里，阅读的内容会出现在电脑屏幕上，因此考生无须担心一些专业词汇。）在概述中，考生需要复述讲座录音内容的主要论点，以及这些论点与阅读文章中论点的关系。

（这里可以配上一副流程图说明上述的过程….）

让我们再看一下此类题目的要求。 You have 20 minutes to plan and write your response. Your response will be judged on the basis of the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the points in the lecture and their relationship to be reading passage. Typically, an effective response will be 150 to 225 words. “摘自《新托福考试官方指南》” 1、20分钟的构思和回答时间

2、考生需要复述讲座录音内容的主要论点，以及这些论点与阅读文章中论点的关系。评分的依据是上述的内容和文字水平

3、一般说来，字数在150-225为最佳

下面的每篇范文均有“上榜理由”、“阅读原文”、“听力原文”、“阅读及听力要点”，以及“范文&翻译”5个部分。这样的细分不仅有助于考生了解处理这种题型的每一个步骤，而且方便考生对每个部分进行有针对性的训练。

8篇上榜范文

第一篇：来自《新托福考试官方指南III》

上榜理由：最经典的综合写作题目。方便考生了解真实考试的阅读、听力的难度。其中值得一提的是，此题的阅读文章是在谈论某个主题所带来的影响。这种类型的阅读文章有着比较鲜明的特色。建议考生可重点关注“阅读要点”部分，学会如何在这种类型的阅读文章中找寻分论点，配合讲座的内容，为写作提供素材。

阅读原文： In many organizations, perhaps the best way to approach certain new projects is to assemble a group of people into a team. Having a team of people attack a project offers several advantages. First of all, a group of people has a wider range of knowledge, expertise, and skills than any single individual is likely to possess. Also, because of the numbers of people involved and the greater resources they possess, a group can work more quickly in response to the task assigned to it and can come up with highly creative solutions to problems and issues. Sometimes these creative solutions come about because a group is more likely to make risky decisions that an individual might not undertake. This is because the group spreads responsibility for a decision to all the members and thus no single individual can be held accountable if the decision turns out to be wrong. Taking part in a group process can be very rewarding for members of the team. Team members who have a voice in making a decision will no doubt feel better about carrying out the work that is entailed by that decision than they might doing work that is imposed on them by others. Also, the individual team member has a much better chance to “shine”, to get his or her contributions and ideas not only recognized but recognized as highly significant, because a team’s overall results can be more far-reaching and have greater impact than what might have otherwise been possible for the person to accomplish or contribute working alone.

听力原文

Professor

Now I want to tell you about what one company found when it decided that it would turn over some of its new projects to teams of people, and make the team responsible for planning the projects and getting the work done. After about six months, the company took a look at how well the teams performed.

On virtually every team, some members got almost a “free ride”… they didn’t contribute much at all, but if their team did a good job, they nevertheless benefited from the recognition the team got. And what about group members who worked especially well and who provided a lot of insight on problems and issues? Well… the recognition for a job well done went to the group as a whole, no names were named. So it won’t surprise you to learn that when the real contributors were asked how they felt about the group process, their attitude was just the opposite of what the reading predicts.

Another finding was that some projects just didn’t move very quickly. Why? Because it took so long to reach consensus; it took many, many meetings to build the agreement among group members about how they would move the project along. In the other hand, there were other instances were one or two people managed to become very influential over what their group did. Sometimes when those influencers said “That will never work” about an idea the group was developing, the idea was quickly dropped instead of being further discussed. And then there was another occasion when a couple influencers convinced the group that a plan or theirs was “highly creative”. And even though some members tried to warn the rest of the group that the project was moving in directions that might not work, they were basically ignored by other group members. Can you guess the ending to *this* story? When the project failed, the blame was placed on all the members of the group.

阅读、听力要点及相互关系

听力论点 The teams have performed very badly. 关系 不同 阅读论点 Having a team of people attack a project offers several advantages. The individual team member has a much better chance to “shine”, to get his or her contributions and ideas not only recognized but recognized as highly significant. 1、 They didn’t contribute much at all, but if 相反 their team did a good job, they nevertheless benefited from the recognition the team got. When the real contributors were asked how they felt about the group process, their attitude was just the opposite of what the reading predicts. 2、 Some projects just didn’t move very 相反 quickly. Why? Because it took so long to reach consensus 3、 There were other instances were one or 相反 two people managed to become very influential over what their group did. A group can work more quickly in response to the task assigned to it No single individual can be held accountable if the decision turns out to be wrong. 范文&翻译

The speaker said the teams have performed very badly. It is different from what the reading passage says – there are several advantages of having a team of people attack a project.

First of all, some of team members didn’t contribute much to their project. On the contrary, they got free ride. However, they benefited from the recognition their team got. The members who did real contribution felt very unfair. It contradicts what the reading predicts.

Second of all, some projects moved very slowly, because reaching an agreement was really hard. It is another part opposite to what the reading suggests.

Last but not least, some influential people really made a decisive influence on how the project went along. Again, it is different from what the reading demonstrates.

第二篇：来自《新托福考试官方指南III》 上榜理由： 阅读原文 听力原文

阅读、听力要点及相互关系 阅读论点 关系 听力要点 1、 2、 3、 范文&翻译

第三篇：来自《新托福考试官方指南III》 上榜理由： 阅读原文 听力原文

阅读、听力要点及相互关系 阅读论点 关系 1、 2、 3、 听力要点 范文&翻译

第四篇：来自2006年10月8日iBT考试作文真题 上榜理由：题材关于“考古学archaeology”，阅读文章为一个理论提供依据。 阅读原文 Although dinosaurs are traditionally believed to be cold-blooded reptiles, such as crocodiles, lizards and sea turtles, evidences recently discovered have implied a picture on quite the opposite side. Scientists today are more readily to believe that there is a good chance for dinosaurs to be warm-blooded animals, like today’s mammals and birds. First, as demonstrated by a stony heart recently found in South Dakota in 1993 by a private fossil collector, dinosaurs could have evolved a heart adapted to warm-blood circulation. Although the fact that soft tissues usually decomposed before they could fossilize had left scientists searching in darkness for centuries, fossil organs could still be preserved under extreme circumstances such as rapid sediment on the seabed. Because today four-chambered heart is only found in warm-blooded animals, this fossil heart indicates the close relationship between dinosaurs and mammals. Second, because cold-blooded animals such as reptiles couldn’t maintain their body temperature constantly, they have to rely on the surrounding environment to adjust the body heat. Thus, if dinosaurs are cold-blooded, their huge body size would make is impossible to shift between basking and burrowing as often as today’s lizards. Third, for huge body animals to maximize their energy usage, they must maintain a constant body temperature. This is because metabolism is in fact a chemical process occurring in the body, which burns food in-take and releases energy supporting growth. For this chemical reaction to function optimally, keeping organs working at certain temperature is a necessity. 听力原文

Male professor

You all heard about that… “Warm-blooded dinosaur theory”. It sounds like a science fiction, doesn’t it? I must be honest to admit that I am not going to accept this warm-blooded theory,

although quite some of my colleagues do. To me and many other researchers, dinosaurs are doubtlessly close relatives of cold-blooded reptiles, only much bigger.

First, it’s said that a four-chambered stony dinosaur heart had been discovered, but how could we identify that the heart belongs to an extinct dinosaur, rather than from an ancient mammal? We all know that more than often, different animal skeletons are discovered blended together at one single fossil site.

Second, I don’t think dinosaurs had to rely on the environment to adjust their body temperature as much as lizards and snakes do today. Don’t forget, when dinosaurs dominated this planet, the climate was much milder than it is today. Air temperatures shifting between high and low extremes were rarely recorded.

Third, yet, it is true that large animals must keep a constant body temperature to maximize the energy released from food in-take. But a stable body temperature isn’t necessarily proof of warm-bloodedness, since even some cold blooded animals like giant sea turtles could keep body temperature constantly. This is because their ratio of surface area to volume is relatively low, minimizing heat exchange with the environment.

阅读、听力要点及相互关系 阅读论点 1、 2、 3、 关系 听力要点 范文&翻译

这名男教授认为说明恐龙是恒温动物证据不足，这与原文的假设是矛盾的。

The male lecturer says that there is not enough evidence to show dinosaurs are warm-blooded animals. It is different from what the reading predicts.

首先，发现的化石心脏并不一定是恐龙的。因为恐龙的骨架通常是和其他哺乳动物的化石埋在一起。这一点对阅读中的相关内容产生了疑问。

First of all, the stony heart discovered does not sure belong to dinosaurs. This is because dinosaur skeletons are found with other mammals’ ones. What the reading says is dubious. 其次，恐龙能够自由活动可能是因为它们生活的时代气候比较温和。因此，环境问题不能成为判断恐龙是否为恒温动物的一个证据。这一点否认了阅读的说法。 Second of all, one possible reason why dinosaurs could move about is that the climate of the times when they lived was mild. Hence, whether they are warm-blooded animals does not depend on environmental factors. It contradicts what the reading demonstrates. 最后，新陈代谢并不一定是判断恐龙是恒温动物的标准。因为其他的冷血动物也可以通过其他的方法最大化其能量。再一次的，阅读中所认定的标准被否定了。 Last but not least, metabolism cannot be regarded as evidence to say dinosaurs are warm-blooded animals. This is because other cold-blooded animals can maximize their

energy usage through other means. Again, what criteria is mentioned in the reading is denied.

第五篇：来自2006年10月29日iBT考试作文真题 上榜理由：文章的内容是“生物学biology”，讨论人与黑猩猩在语言学习上的近似性。 阅读原文 Recent studies show that Chimpanzees have similar abilities of human beings in learning languages. It is nothing surprising for researchers to finally conclude that after years of rigid training, Chimpanzees can manage to master a language to the extent of 2-3 years old human child. This beyond-belief language learning talent of Chimps can be traced back to three dimensions consisting of a real language. First, Chimps gain knowledge of many Yerkish vocabularies after two years, proper instructing. Yerkish is a research-made, geometric language system. In this system, a word is symbolized by a meaningful picture of object. With the help of Yerkish language, it has been demonstrated that Chimps are capable of expressing themselves to researchers through simple words like apple, eating and washing. Second, it is very encouraging for researches to notice that Chimps even show hints of being able to master some basic grammars. For example, when a ring has been brought to a Chimp, it uses two Yerkish words “finger” and “bracelet” to express what this ring means to it. As we all know employing a rhetoric noun “finger” to limit the denotation of another noun “bracelet” is one of the basic grammars applied in many modern languages. Third, under appropriate direction, Chimps can carry out a simple but genuine conversation with researchers and sometimes this sort of conversations can even be extended for hours. Conversation, of course, is a language property of the greatest importance. 听力原文

Female Professor

Well, they really believe that Chimpanzees can manage a true language? That’s funny. In fact, although Chimpanzees do learn some basic linguistic knowledge, their language ability is by no means close to that of human beings.

First, each Yerkish vocabulary has to be taught again and again for countless times before the Chimps can finally pick it up. In addition, after years of endeavor, researchers have to admit that even the most successful Chimp student only masters no more than a few dozens of words. In contrast, a human baby becomes skilled at mastering many words by simply listening to adults’ talking. In cases of being raised up in a bilingual environment, human kids easily pick up two languages without confusing this one with another.

Second, the example of “finger bracelet” is true, but that is also as far as Chimps can ever go. Studies show that once a Chimp was given an assignment to put three meaningful words in sequence, such as “wash finger bracelet”, by using Yerkish symbols, it seemed totally confused. Remember, we humans make use of thousands of verbal expressions with innumerable combinations of words and structures every day, and we can always make them right. Sometimes we even invent novel usages.

Third, the so-called “conversations” between researchers and Chimps are not real communications. Instead, they are typically researchers dominated. In other words, the researchers keep throwing questions to Chimpanzees, and Chimps make merely the responding. Furthermore, Chimps are never observed using Yerkish language to each others.

阅读、听力要点及相互关系 阅读论点 1、 2、 3、 范文&翻译

第六篇：来自2006年12月1日

上榜理由：题材来自“天文学astronomy” 阅读原文 Mars is long considered one of the planets that appear unfriendly to most life forms, partly due to its extremely cold surface temperatures. However, recent studies toward this alien land invariably refer to quite the opposite: Mars could be the first planet where we find signs of life existing out of the Earth. First, the Martian atmosphere has been confirmed to consist of plenty of methane. On the earth, atmospheric methane comes primarily from methanogen, bacteria-life that produce methane as their daily metabolic by-product. Since methane breakdowns into other gases quickly after it has been produced, for this gas to continue existing in the Martian atmosphere, live methanogen is necessity. Second, a meteorite stone was recently found in Siberia, Russia. Proved by thorough studies, this stone is believed coming from Mars around 300 thousand years ago. What’s interesting about it is that the stone is covered by a type of green crystal, which could only be produced with the help of bacteria. Again, this clearly demonstrates the signs of Martian lives. Third, a large amount of hydrogen is detected in Martian atmosphere, which further implies the existence of water. This is because gas hydrogen in atmosphere is more than often gained by disintegrating water. Also, as we all know, liquid water serves most as the cradle for primary lives. Thus, researchers firmly believe that somewhere on the surface of this deep red planet, lives 关系 听力要点 exist. 听力原文

Male professor

Well, ah… of course, it is very exciting to assume we are not alone living in the solar system. However, isn’t it too early to announce the discovery of Martian lives? To be frank, I believe the statements quoted from your textbook are too … optimistic, at best, since many of the points given in the passage couldn’t defend themselves well.

First, although plenty of methane is found in the Martian atmosphere, it doesn’t necessitate the existence of methanogen, the bacteria that produce methane, for methane could also be brought to the surface by frequent volcanic activities. Actually, thousands of craters spreading over the Mars have already indicated dynamic volcanic eruptions in history, which is most likely the very explanation for methane in the Martian air.

Second, that meteorite stone doesn’t provide too much hints about lives in the Mars. According to your book, the stone has stayed in Russia since 300,000 years ago, which is long enough for earth bacteria to pollute the stone and generate those green crystals. As a matter of fact, similar phenomena have occurred in many other places.

Third, although the hydrogen found in Martian atmosphere usually implies the presence of water theoretically, there is never short of exception, especially under extreme circumstances. Furthermore, even if some water does exist on the Martian surface, it is more likely to stay as solid ice as what we have found in the Arctic, because of the extreme coldness there. Practically, unlike liquid water, solid ice doesn’t provide living beings an ideal medium to evolve.

阅读、听力要点及相互关系 阅读论点 关系 听力要点 1、 2、 3、

范文&翻译

第七篇：来自2006年11月18日 上榜理由：题型：讨论影响 阅读原文 Salvage logging has been routine for centuries in American forest industry. People working in this trade remove dead or diseased trees to improve the general health of a forest, especially after an outrage of wildfire. Salvage logging helps the forest ecosystem to stay protected. First, dead trees died from wildfire have to be removed to spare spaces for new trees. This is because if left untouched, dead trunks are very likely to prevent baby trees from obtaining sufficient sunshine and rainwater. Moreover, studies have proved that forests after salvage logging usually recover faster than if they were left unchecked, when wildfires occur. Second, salvage logging also helps to minimize the damage caused by insects which often dwell on the dead trees. Some of these insects are deadly poisonous to people who happen to get close to them. Others would have rendered serious economic loss, if proper measures are not taken against them before they reproduce rapidly and spread over the whole forest. Third, salvage logging brings economic benefits to the local community as well. On one side, salvage logging usually involves a great deal of manual work and thus it creates some job opportunities for the local people. On the other side, dead trunks collected in the process of logging could also be used as precious firewood.

听力原文

Ah, I don’t quite agree with those points about salvage logging. Actually, logging apparently goes against the nature, if I have to say something about it. Although as a tradition, salvage logging has been lasting for centuries in North America, more people today start to realize its threats to both the forest and the local community.

First, dead trees do not have to be cleaned because rotten trunks and leaves provide valuable nutrition for growing young trees. In addition, with the help of bacteria and rainwater, it usually doesn’t take long for those dead trees to start to decompose and eventually leave enough space for the baby trees to grow.

Second, of course dead trees would give rise to some insects sooner or later. But we have to also note that those insects are simply part of nature, since they have coexisted peacefully with other animals and plants in the forest for many, many centuries. Furthermore, the quick reproduction of insects also provides birds an opportunity to feed themselves as well.

Third, salvage logging is very expensive in economy if we look it in a long run. This is because renting the helicopters, keeping the forest vehicles, and the forest management all make salvage logging a very costly process to take. Besides, the jobs created in the logging process are mostly temporary and they only benefit those professional workers.

阅读、听力要点及相互关系 阅读论点 关系 听力要点 1、 2、 3、

范文&翻译

第八篇：来自2006年12月15号 上榜理由： 阅读原文 Nowadays, as a consequence of the uprising of novel media such as TV and internet, people tend to read fewer and fewer books, especially literatures. This phenomenon has aroused new concerns among many because they believe that the culture would be degraded in the long run if people continue losing interest on literature reading. First, literature has been constituting a significant part in public reading throughout human history, because it is believed to be intellectually inspiring and also keep on stimulating people’s creativity. Thus, as a result of diminishing literature reading, the public reading level as a whole must be also undermined subsequently. Second, the progressing decrease in literature reading also reflects a corruption in social culture. Since people are more attracted to spending leisure hours on watching TV or surfing on internet, the traditional culture is threatened by a losing of its sponsors. Moreover, new concerns also emerge, suspecting that the next generation of adolescents may eventually lose their taste of romanticism in our culture because of the absence of literature reading ability. Third, the decline in literature reading may even result in a further shrinkage in the number of publishers. Failing to catch the attention of enough readers, many excellent literature writers would therefore try to avoid further writing. In addition, not every literature story could luckily become a book on the shelf because many publishers are far from being optimistic toward the literature market.

听力原文

Male professor

Well, that is what they call “the corruption of social culture”. You have all read about it, right? They believe the decline in literature reading can eventually lead to a major setback of social culture. But in fact, the situation has been greatly exaggerated.

First, yes, I agree that the literature can be very thought inspiring. But the fact that fewer people read literature doesn’t necessarily hurt the public reading level as a whole. As you probably know, some former literature readers have converted to science and history reading, which also constitute a major part in public reading and equally stimulate people’s imagination. Thus, the average public reading level could be enhanced rather than weakened if many people simply pick up books on other fields than literature.

Second, they say the decline in literature reading will be followed by a corruption in social culture,

because people watch too much TV or use too much internet. I won’t say this is a very wise opinion neither. As a matter of fact, the rising of new media such as TV and internet functions as a blessing rather than a curse on our social culture, since the innovation of media reflects the advancement of culture itself and provides new forms of literature instead of books.

Third, if someone should be blamed because of the decline in literature reading, it must be the authors themselves. Fewer people read than before because literature books are difficult to understand. On contrast, TV programs and movies are much more audience-friendly and thus more readily accepted by many people.

阅读、听力要点及相互关系 阅读论点 关系 听力要点 1、 2、 3、 范文&翻译