英语基础知识

一． 基础语法（与阅读和写作相关）：基本句子结构

英语句子分为简单句(simple sentence)和多重句(multiple sentence)。所谓的简单句就是一个句子中只包含一个主谓结构的句子。多重句包含两种基本情况，一种是两个或者两个以上的简单分句形成并列关系，这样的句子叫做并列句(compound sentence)；另一种是两个或两个以上的简单分句构成主从关系，这样的句子叫做复杂句(complex sentence)。下面我们分别

对这三种情况加以分析。

1、 简单句

不管是我们阅读还是写作，构造和理解简单句都是最基本的技能。在这个技能中，记住一点是十分重要的。也就是说：在英语简单句中，只能有而且（一般情况下）必须有一个谓语部分。

英语的简单句只有五种基本句型，所有的英语句子都不能离开这五种基本句型，所以我们把它们谙熟于心是非常重要而且大有裨益的。这五种句型是：SV , SVC , SVO , SVOC(A tells B to do something.) , SVOiOd（A gives B something./He bought a coat for me.）。其中S = Subject，也就是主语；V = Verbal phrase，也就是谓语部分；C = Complement ，表示跟在系动词之后的补语；O = Object，也就是句子的宾语，在最后一种句型中包括间接宾语和直接宾语。这五种句型的形成依靠的是谓语部分的动词的用法，动词的用法又是和它的意义不可分的。比如hit这个词必须有一个执行者，就是主语。同时它还少不了一个受事者，也就是宾语，不然就产生不了完整的意义。而smile就不同了，它可以只有一个主语，而没有宾语。从这些简单的例子中我们可以看出谓语部分在句子中的极端重要性。我们在阅读句子的时候，第一个任务就是要找到谓语在什么地方。在阅读实践中，由于英语的很多单词都可以有不止一种词性，所以往往给辨认谓语动词带来一定的困难。 英语句子有五种基本结构。

1.S(主） + Vi（不及物动词）（谓） (A stay/stays/did...) Time flies.

You should study hard.

In 1847, Chinese student Rong Hong and others came to the United States as the first group of Chinese students to study here.( 1847年，中国最早的一批留美学生容闳等人赴美求学。) 1) S + V + adverbial(状语） Birds sing beautifully.

2) S + Vi+ prep Phrase（介词短语）

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He went on holiday.

3) S + Vi+ Infinitive (不定式） We stopped to have a rest. 4) S + Vi+ Participle (分词） I'll go swimming.

2. S (主）+ Vt （及物动词）（谓）+ O（宾） A does B. We like English.

These traditions have exerted a profound impact on the values and way of life of the Chinese people, and on China’s road of development today. （这些传统，对今天中国人的价值观念、生活方式和中国的发展道路，具有深刻的影响。） 1) S + VT + N/Pron I like music. I like her.

2) S + VT + infinitive(不定式） I want to help him.

常用于这句型的动词有：attempt, dare, decide, desire, expect, hope, intend, learn, need, offer, pretend, promise, propose, purpose, refuse, want, wish等。 3) S + VT + Wh-Word + Infinitive I don't know what to do.

常用于这句型的动词有：ask, consider, decide, discover, explain, find out, forget, guess, inquire, know, learn, observe, remember, see, settle, tell, think, understand, wonder等。 4) S + VT + Gerund I enjoy living here.

常用于这句型的动词有：admit, advise, avoid, consider, defend, enjoy, excuse, finish, forbid, mind, miss, practise, risk, suggest, give up, can't help等。 5) S + VT + That-clause I don't think (that) he is right.

常用于这句型的动词有：Admit, believe, command, confess, declare, demand,

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deny, doubt, expect, explain, feel(觉得）, hear（听说）, hope, imagine, intend,

know, mean, mind（当心）, notice, propose, request, report, say, see（看出），show, suggest, suppose, think, understand, wish, wonder(觉得奇怪）。 3. S (主）+ V（谓）（lv)( 系动词）+ P（表） A is B.

Harvard is among the first American universities to accept Chinese students.( 哈佛是最早接受中国留学生的美国大学之一。) We are Chinese.

除了be 系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词，1)表感官的动词，feel,

smell, taste, sound, look, appear, seem 等。2) 表转变变化的动词，become, get, grow, turn, go,等。 3)表延续的动词 remain, keep, seem, hold, stay, rest等。4)表瞬时的动词 come, fall, set, cut, occur等 5)其他动词 eat, lie, prove, ring, run, shine, sit, stand, continue, hang等。 1) S + Lv + N/Pron(名词/代词） He is a boy. This is mine.

2) S + Lv + Adj（形容词） She is beautiful. 3) S + Lv + Adv (副词） Class is over.

4) S + Lv + Prep Phrase He is in good health. 5) S + Lv + Participle(分词） He is excited. The film is interesting.

4. S (主）+ VT （谓）+ In O（间接宾语） + D O（直接宾语） A gives B something.

My visit to IBM, AT&T and the Bell laboratory yesterday gave me some first-hand knowledge of the latest successes in modern science and technology. (昨天，我参观了国际商用机器公司、美国电话电报公司和贝尔实验室，领略了当代科技发展的前沿成就。)

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I give you help. 1) S + VT + N/Pron + N I sent him a book. I bought May a book.

2) S + VT + N/Pron + To/for-phrase He sent a book to me. He bought a coat for me.

间接宾语前需要加to 的常用动词有：allow, bring, deny, do(带来）， give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, render, restore, sell, send, show, teach, tell wish, write等。

间接宾语前需要加for 的常用动词有：bring, buy, cash, choose, fetch, get, leave, make, order, paint, play(演奏），save, sing, spare等。

5. S (主）+ VT（谓）+ O（宾） + O C（宾补） A tells B to do something.

Today, the Chinese people who are struggling to achieve modernization have made the opening-up a basic state policy.( 今天，正在为实现现代化而奋斗的中国人民，把对外开放作为一项基本国策。) I make you clear. 1) S + VT + N/Pron + N We named our baby Tom.

常用于这句型的动词有：appoint, call, choose, elect, entitle, find, make, name, nominate(命名）。 2) S + VT + N/Pron + Adj He painted the wall white.

常用于这句型的动词有：beat, boil, cut, drive, find, get, hold, keep, leave, like, make, paint, see, set, turn, want, wash, wipe, wish等。 3) S + VT + N/Pron + Prep Phrase She always keeps everything in good order. 4) S + VT + N/Pron + Infinitive I wish you to stay. I made him work

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常用于这句型的动词有：a)不定式带to的词：advice, allow, ask, beg, cause, choose, command, decide, encourage, expect, force, get, hate, invite, know, leave, like, love, order, permit, persuade, prefer, remain, request, teach, tell, want, warn, wish等。b)不定式不带to的词：feel, have, hear, know, let, listen to, look at, make, notice, see, watch等。 5) S + VT + N/Pron + Participle (分词） I heard my name called. I feel something moving.

常用于这句型的动词有：catch, feel, find, get, have, hear, imagine, keep, leave, listen to, look at, notice, observe, perceive, see, set, smell, start, watch等。 6) S + VT + N/Pron + Wh-word + Infinitive He show me how to do it.

常用于这句型的动词有：advise, ask, inform, show, teach, tell等。 7) S + VT + N/Pron + That-clause He told me that the film was great.

常用于这句型的动词有：assure, inform, promise, remind, teach, tell, warm等。 8) S + VT + N/Pron + Wh-Clause He asked me what he should do.

常用于这句型的动词有：advise, ask, inform, show, teach, tell

句子是指定某事物并说明它。句子可分为“主语部分+谓语部分”。指定某事物的部分是主语，说明主语的部分为谓语部分。

下面我们着重谈一谈主语+谓语动词这种结构。

谓语部分可以由“动词+宾语+方式状语+地点状语+时间状语”构成。如： ① The birds chirp［tFE:p］. ② The birds chirp beautifully.

③ The birds chirp beautifully in the woods.

④ The birds chirp beautifully in the woods every morning. ⑤ The little birds chirp beautifully in the woods every morning. 句子一指的是鸟，说明的是鸟在歌唱。这是最简单的句子。

句子二添加了副词beautifully，修饰谓语动词chirp，表示行为的方式，是方式状语。 句子三添加了介词短语in the woods，说明chirp发生的地点，是地点状语。

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句子四添加了名词短语every morning，说明chirp发生的时间，是时间状语。 句子五添加了形容词little，修饰主语birds，作定语 2、并列句（compound sentence）

英语的并列句一般情况下引不起巨大的阅读障碍，因为在分句之间往往有固定的连接词说明前后分句的关系。这样的连接词有以and为代表的表示意义延伸的并列连词、以or为代表的表示选择概念的并列连词、以but为代表的表示转折的并列连词和表示原因的for四个类型。第一种包括and, not only … but (also )…, neither ( nor) 。第二种包括or , either … or …；对此我们分别举一个例句说明问题：

(1)As is reported, a trade agreement was signed and a cultural exchange was arranged. (2)Not only is he himself interested in the subject but all his students are beginning to show an interest in it.

(3)Dr. Fisher neither loves the environment, nor is he accustomed to the weather. (4)The children can go with us , or they can stay at home.

(5)You can either go it by yourself, or you can ask someone else to do it. (6)The young man has often been praised , but he is never conceited.

另外我们还应该把并列分句和并列结构(coordinate construction)区分开来。并列结构是由并列连词或者其他并列手段例如标点符号连接起来的语法结构序列，它包括并列分句，也包括并列的词或者词组。 3、 从属句

构成从属关系的复杂句包括名词性分句(Nominal Clauses)（可以作主语、宾语、同位语、主语补语）、关系分句（Relative Clauses）、状语分句（Adverbial Clauses）。对于它们的连接词，在相应的语法书上都不难找到，这里就不再多讲了。需要提醒读者的是，在判定句子的类型之后，最主要的工作就是分析简单句的成分，找到主句的谓语，真正抓住句子的纲领。下面请作练习二，首先辨认多重分句的类型，然后找出主句和从属分句的谓语。

Laboratory scientists accustomed to noticing subtle changes in the properties of substances they are investigating are doubtless better than you or I at certain sorts of observations.

这里的主语是Laboratory scientists，但是后面跟了一个过去分词定语，其中分词中的介词又跟了一个-ing形式，-ing形式后又接了一个宾语和一个带有定语的状语。本句的谓语是are doubtless better than。

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小结:简单句和复合句

1. 主语+连系动词+表语(S+V+P) 2. 主语+不及物动词(S+Vi) 简单句 （SIMPLE SENTENCE) 3. 主语+及物动词+宾语（S+Vt+O） 4. 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 (S+Vt+IO+DO) 5. 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语 （S+Vt+O+C） 通常由and ,but 等词连接。 并列句(COMPOUND SENTENCE) I turned on the TV and we sat down and watched it. I bought my sister a present, but she did not like it. 1. 名词性从句 （1） 主语从句 （2） 宾语从句 复合句 （3） 表语从句 （4）同位语从句 2. 定语从句 3. 状语从句（时间、地点、目的、 原因、条件、结果、比较、方式等）

二．英语短文写作中使用率最高、覆盖面最广的基本句式

每组句式的功能相同或相似，可根据自己的情况选择其中的1-2个，做到能够熟练正确地仿写或套用。 1.表示原因

1)There are three reasons for this. 2)The reasons for this are as follows. 3)The reason for this is obvious.

4)The reason for this is not far to seek. 5)The reason for this is that...

6)We have good reason to believe that... 例如：

There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life.Firstly，people’s

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living standard has been greatly improved.Secondly，most people are well paid，and they can afford what they need or like.Last but not least，more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life.

注：如考生写第一个句子没有把握，可将其改写成两个句子。如：Great changes have taken place in our life. There are three reasons for this.这样写可以避免套用中的表达失误。新四六级

2.表示好处

1)It has the following advantages. 2)It does us a lot of good. 3)It benefits us quite a lot. 4)It is beneficial to us.

5)It is of great benefit to us. 例如：

Books are like friends.They ca n help us know the world better，and they can open our minds and widen our horizons.Therefore，reading extensively is of great benefit to us. 3.表示坏处

1)It has more disadvantages than advantages. 2)It does us much harm. 3)It is harmful lto us. 例如：

However，everything dividesinto two.Television can also be harmful to us.It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching televi- sion.

4.表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能

1)It is important(necessary，difficult，convenient， possible)for sb.to do sth. 2)We think it necessary to do sth.

3)It plays an important role in our life. 例如：

Computers are now being used everywhere，whether in the government，in schools or in business.Soon， computers will be found in every home，too.We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age.

5.表示措施

1)We should take some effective measures.

2)We should try our best to overcome(conquer)the difficulties. 3)We should do our utmost in doing sth.

4)We should solve the problems that we are confronted(faced)with. 例如：

The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious.Therefore，we must take some effective measures to solve it.

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6.表示变化

1)Some changes have taken place in the past five years.

2)A great change will certainly be produced in the world’s communications. 3)The computer has brought about many changes in education. 例如：

Some changes have taken place in people’s diet in the past five years.The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek.Nowadays，more and more people are switching from grain to meat for protein，and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins.

7.表示事实、现状

1)We cannot ignore the fact that... 2)No one can deny the fact that... 3)There is no denying the fact that...

4)This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in. 5)However，that's not the case. 例如：

We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution.To solve these problems， we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollution.The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment.

8.表示比较

1)Compared with A，B...

2)I prefer to read rather than watch TV. 3)There is a striking contrast between them. 例如：

Compared with cars，bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable. Firstly，they do not consume natural resources of petroleum. Secondly，they do not cause the pollution problem. Last but not least，they contribute to people’s health by giving them due physical exercise.新四六 9.表示数量

1)It has increased(decreased)from...to...

2)The population in this city has now increased (decreased)to 800，000.

3)The output of July in this factory increased by 15% compared with that of January. 例如：

With the improvement of the living standard，the proportion of people’s income spent on food has dec reased while that spent on education has increased.

再如：

From the graph listed above，itcan be seen that student use of computers has increased from an average of less than two hours per week in 1990 to 20 hours in 2000.

注：“From the graph listed above，it can be seen that”见句式12。考生将句式9和句式12结合在一起，便可较好地写出2002年6月CET -4、6短文写作的第一段。

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10.表示看法

1)People have(take，adopt，assume)different attitudes towards sth. 2)People have different opinions on this problem. 3)People take different views of(on)the question. 4)Some people believe that...Others argue that... 例如：

People have different attitudes towards failure.Some believe that failure leads to success. Every failure they experience translates into a greater chance of success at their renewed endeavor.However， others are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the category of losers. 再如：

Do“lucky numbers ”really bring good luck？Different people have different views on it. 注：一个段落有时很适宜以问句开始，考生应掌握这一写作方法。 11.表示结论

1)In short，it can be said that...

2)It may be briefly summed up as follows.

3)From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that ... 例如：

From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that examination is necessary，however， its method should be improved.

注：例句1可用于任何一个段落的结论句；例句3则多用文章结论段的第一句。 12.套语

1)It’s well known to us that ... 2)As is known to us，...

3)This is a topic that is being widely talked about.

4)From the graph(table，chart)listed above，it can be seen that ... 5)As aproverb says，“Where there is a will，there is a way.

例如：

As is well known to us，it is important for the students to know the world outside campus. The reason for this is obvious.Nowadays，the society is changing and developing rapidly，and the campus is no longer an“ivory tower.As college students，we must get in touch with the world outside the campus.Only in this way can we adapt ourselves to the society quickly after we graduate.

再如： Does it pay to be honest？This is a topic that is being widely talked about and different people have different opinions on it.

三．英语考试中35个高频动词的使用

1.ask A.问 1) vt.

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May I ask you a question? I have something to ask you.

Jack asked me how to start the machine. She asked what time it was. 2) vi.

I asked only out of curiosity. Tom went to ask about the train. If you don’t understand, ask. B.要求；请求；征求 vt.

I’m going to the workers to ask their advice. He asked Joe to get in touch with them. He was asked to see them off. C.邀请 vt.

They asked us over their dinner. They often ask him out to sea. D.习语

ask about…询问、打听 ask after…问候

ask for…请求、找某人、要求 ask sth. of sb. 向某人问 2.break

vt. A. 打破、打碎、打断 Who broke the window into pieces? He fell and broke his leg. Try not to break the silence. B.违反

He often breaks his promise/his word/ the law/ the rule. C.习语

break away突然离开

break away from sb.脱离、离开、背弃

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break down 中断、粉碎、发生故障、（身体）跨了、（机器）坏了 break forth迸发、爆发、发泄 break in闯进、打断

break in on sb.打断某人的谈话 break into…闯入、侵占 break…into pieces打碎 break off折断、突然中断 break…open 撬开 break out爆发 break through…突破

break…up开垦、破碎、解散、分解 break with sb.与某人断交 break sb’s heart使某人心碎 3.bring

A. vt. 带来、拿来（由远而近） Bring me the paper, please. He forgot to bring his umbrella. May I bring her to see you? Shall I bring the books upstairs?

After we were seated, she brought out dishes. B.习语

bring…about造成、导致

bring… down打落（飞机、禽鸟等）、降低（物价、温度等） bring… forward提出 bring…in引进、介绍、收获 bring…into being实现、使产生 bring…into effect/practice实行、贯彻 bring…out出版、发表

bring…to an end/ a stop/ a close使终止、结束 bring… to mind使想起、回忆起

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bring…together集合；召集 bring…up养育、呕吐 bring…to victory使走向胜利 bring…to safety带到安全地带 4.catch

A. vt. 抓住、逮住、挂住

He caught my hand and held it tightly. We caught ten monkeys in all. The nail caught my coat.

但是 vi. 挂住 His coat caught on a nail. The kite caught in a tree. B.赶上、搭上

We’ll hurry and catch the 10:30 bus. C.听懂

Pease repeat it. I didn’t quite catch you. Do you catch my meaning? D.染上

He caught a bad flu.

E.（出其不意地）撞上、碰上 She caught him smoking.

Some boys were caught stealing flowers from the garden. F. 给撞上、碰上

The ship was caught in a hurricane. One night we were caught in a thunderstorm. Hurry up and don’t get caught in a storm. G.习语

catch at sth. 想抓住、设法抓住 catch sb. by surprise出其不意抓住

catch/get/seize/take hold of…（突然）抓住、抓牢

catch sb’s attention/eye吸引某人注意 catch sight of…看到、发现

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catch the point of…抓住…的要点 catch up赶上

catch up with…赶上… 补上COME 5．do A. aux. v.

(1) 帮助构成一般过去时或一般现在时的疑问或否定式 They do not believe it. When id they arrive there?

(2) 用在肯定句和祈使句中加强语气 I do miss you, Mum. She does sing well. Do be on time.

So she did come after all.

(3) 用来表示前边提到的动作（以免重复）

---May I come round in the evening? ---Yes, please do. I knew he would help us, and he did. (4) 用于某些倒装句中

Only then did I realize he had been wrong. Never did he know anything about it. B. 做 vt.

Can I do anything for you? We often do our homework together. The glass is broken. who did it? We did some reading last night. She did most of the talking. C. vi.

(1) 表示生活、学习等情况 How do you do?

They did very well in English but badly in maths. How did you do in the exam?

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How are you doing? (2) 行了、够了、可以

Talking with your mouth full won’t do. On e piece of bread will do. (3) 做、办 Do as you are told to.

When in Rome, do as the Romans do. Let her do as she likes. D.习语

do…with…处理 What have you done with my bike? can do with…将就用 I can do with the old bed. do something about…对…采取措施 do sb. a favor=do a favor for sb.帮某人个忙 do away with…废除、破除、去掉

do sb. good/harm/wrong= do good/harm/wrong to sb. 对某人有益/有害/冤枉某人 do one’s best/ bit/part=do everything/all/what one can尽力 do …up包扎、扣（纽扣） do without…没有…也行、不需要 have something to do with…与…有关 do right/wrong做得对/做错了 6 come A. vi.来

She is coming in no time. Here comes the soup. He came running all the way. 逐渐

He has come to love the stories by William Shakespeare. He has come to realize the importance of good English. B. link v.

His dream finally came true. C.习语

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come about发生

come across…偶遇；偶尔发现

come along一道来；一起去；进步；赶快 come at…袭击 come by… 获得

How did you come by these pictures? come away脱离；折断 come back回来；复员；恢复 come down倒下；跌落；传下来 come down with…患（病） come (in) first/second得第一/二 come forth出来；涌现

come forward 前进；自告奋勇；涌现 come from… 出身于；来自 come in/ into sight出现；被看见

come into being/ existence发生；产生；出现 come into effect/ force开始生效；开始实施 come into power/ office上台；掌握政权 come into use 开始使用 come off脱落；发生

come on（风雨等）到来；演出；赶快 come out长出来；出版 come out against… 起来反对

come out with… 讲出；泄露（秘密等） come to= come to oneslef苏醒过来 come to …总计；谈到

His earnings comes to $182,000 a year.

When it comes to football, everyone likes David Beckham. come a conclusion得出结论；告一段落 come to a sto/ an end停止

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come to nothing毫无结果；失败 come to the point说到要点；抓住关键 come up走近；长出；流行 come upon…碰见 6.expect

1. vt. 期待、预料、等待

Is this the letter you have been expecting? It’s what we’ve expected.

We expect to finish the work by Friday. I expect that they will drop in. I expect you to make more progress. ---Will he be back tonight? ---I expect so. You arrived earlier than we had expected. 2.习语

as (is/ was/ has been) expected不出所料 They came late again, as was expected. expect too much of sb.对某人期待过高 7.feel感觉、觉得 A. (1) vt

Do you feel any pain when I press here? Facing this situation, they felt both joy and fear. (2) link v.

I don’t feel very well today. The busier he is, the happier he feels. The desk feels smooth. (3) vt. 接复合宾语 I felt someone go upstairs.

I felt a great weight taken off my mind after the exam. She felt their eyes watching her when she came to the stage. She felt herself (to be) right.

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I felt it my duty to help you.

He felt it necessary to talk about his own shortcomings. (4) vt. 宾语从句

He felt strongly that we should take some action about the bad practice. B. vt. 摸

He felt the pot and it felt very hot. C.习语

feel like doing sth.想要 feel one’s way摸索前进 feel sb’s pulse切脉

feel as if/ as though感觉似乎 She felt as if she were a member of the family. feel quite oneself 觉得身体很好 8.find A. vt. (1) 发现

I found a wallet on the street corner yesterday.

He found her in danger.=He found that she was in danger. I found him (to be) a tough guy.=I found that he was a tough guy.

This method was found to be practical.=It was found that the method was practical. I find it interesting to read these stories.= I find that it is interesting to =read these stories. I found a dog killed in the park.= I found that a dog had been killed in the park.

I found a man breaking into a warehouse.= I found that a man was breaking into a warehouse. (2) 找到

Have you found the book you have been looking for? B.习语

find…out查清楚；弄明白；了解；打听 find one’s way to sp.设法赶到；进入 They found their way to the front of the crowd. The news found its way to a lot of people. find fault with sb. 对某人吹毛求疵；挑剔 find oneself…发现自己…、不自觉地…

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They found themselves in a difficult situation. Then I found myself surrounded by some boys.

He found himself walking in the direction to the park.他发现自己不知不觉地在往公园的方向走。 9.get

A. vt.得到、弄来

Where did you get these good ideas? Let me go get the doctor.

Will you get me a ticket?=Will you get a ticket for me? He got a poor wage. Let’s get something to eat. B.习语

get about（消息）传开

A rumor(谣传) got around that Fu Biao was ill in hospital. get…across讲清楚;渡过

I wonder how to get my new ideas across. get ahead of…领先

get along进展、过活、相处 get away逃掉

get away from…避免、摆脱、离开 get back回来 get…back收回、找回 get behind落后 get …down记下来

get down to (business/ work/ studies)认真做 get to know/ realize/love/like逐渐地了解/爱上 get in进来

get…in收进来、请来 get off起飞、下车、出发 get…off脱下

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get on…上车/船/飞机等；继续进行；相处 get…out拔出、洗掉、出版 get out传出

News got out that you were leaving. get over…克服、摆脱 get rid of…消灭、摆脱、除掉 get round…绕过、回避 get somewhere有结果/成就

get through…做完、结束；看完、用完 get together聚会、联欢 get up起床、举办

The students are going to get up a concert on May Day. have got=have有

have got to=have to不得不 10.give vt. 给

Who is going to give the talk? He was given a good beating last night. 习语

give…away泄露、送掉、分配 give…back归还、报复 give...forth发出；发表 give in屈服、让步 give…in交上

give in to sb./ sth.屈服于；对…让步 give…off放出、发出（光、热、气味等） give oneself up to doing sth. 献身于、专心于 give up放弃、投降 give…up停止、戒掉 give way to sb.让步；让位于

As winter gave way to spring, days were getting longer.

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given that假定；已知 give sb. a hand帮某人忙 give rise to导致 11.go A. vi. 走

He has gone back home a newspaper. Pride goes before a fall. B. link v.

He went hungry for a week.

His face went pale when he heard the news.

This guy went wild/ crazy/ mad after the loss of his wife. Don’t ever eat the bread. It has gone bad. C.习语

go after…设法得到；追求

go along向前发展 We’ll learn as we go along. go back on one’s word/ promise失信

go back to…追溯到 This custom goes back to Roman times. go beyond…超过

go down下落；减弱 go up增长；提高 go into…研究；从事

go off爆炸；（电、水等）停掉 go ahead继续进行；去做吧 go all out全力以赴 go and do sth.= go to do sth. go down on one’s knees跪下 go in for喜爱；从事 go on发生；持续

go on to do sth.接着做（另一件事情） go on doing sth.继续做（同一件事情）

go on with sth. .继续做（同一件事情，可以有间隔）

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go out熄灭；过时

go over sth.浏览；复习；审阅 go through…经历；检查；

go shopping/ fishing/ skiing/ skating/ begging/ boating/ swimming/ fox hunting/ sightseeing/ mountain climbing

go from bad to worse每况愈下 go from door to door

be gone丢了；走了；一去不复返

Gone are the days when we studied together happily. have a go试一下

go out of one’s way to do sth. 不辞辛劳去做……. go to hell见鬼去吧 go to sleep睡着

go through with….把…….进行到底 go well with…与……相配/协调 go without…不吃/用……过日子

Sometimes they went for days without washing their faces. 12.have

句型1 have sb./ sth. do sth. Let’s have them stand facing the wall. 句型2 have sb./ sth. doing We had the fire burning all night. I won’t have you talking to your dad like that! 句型3 have sb./ sth. done I will have my radio fixed. He had his wallet stolen. 句型4 have sth. to do I have a letter to write. 句型5 have to do sth. I have to get up early every day. 习语

与动词同行的名词连用，表示动作：have a talk with…

have a look/ glance/ glimpse at have a meeting/ discussion/ operation/ haircut have an English lesson have a swim/ wash/ rest/ try/ smoke/ taste/ dream/ walk have a cold/ cough/ headache/ pain

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have lunch/ some beer

have a good/pleasant/ tough/ bad/ hard/ difficult terrible time They had a hard time solving the problem. have fun

have a word/a few words with sb. have words with sb. have something/ nothing/ a lot to do with… have sth. on

had better (not) do sth.

have something with sb.随身携带 have a baby

have a test/ talk/ speech/ lecture/ chat have had enough of厌倦 have sth. back要回

have one’s own way按照自己的意思办；我行我素 have sth. to oneself完全由自己使用 You can have the house entirely to yourself. 13.help A. vt. 帮助

They did everything they could to help us with our lessons. This medicine will help you (to) get better. She helped (to) sweep the floor. B. vi. 有帮助；有用；好用

This medicine won’t help. Thinking will help. C.习语

help sb. with sth. 帮助做

help sb. out of trouble帮助某人脱离困境 can’t help doing sth.禁不住…… cannot help/ choose but do sth.只好……

help sb. out帮助结局难题； 帮助摆脱困境；救出 turn to sb. for help求助于……

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be of help有帮助；有用 14.hold

A. vt.拿着；握着

Holding my hand, he tried to calmed me down. Hold the line, please. 容纳

How much water can the tank hold? 拥有；占有

He held the position for years. 举行

Chinese film weeks will be held in other places. B.习语

hold…back阻碍；忍住；保留 hold…down 控制； hold…forth提出； hold…in memory 记住

hold on坚持下去；（电话）别挂 hold on to…抓住不放

hold out坚持到底；维持；伸出

We must hold out, and the enemy will give up. They were ready to hold out a friendly hand. hold to sth.紧紧抓住；坚持（路线、道路、看法等） hold…together合在（一起）；团结（在一起） hold…up举起；耽搁；耽误

The storm held us up, so we were late for the meeting. Their wages were help up or reduced for no reason. 15.keep A. vt.

(1)保留 I’ll keep a seat for you.

(2)养活；饲养 He has a large family to keep. He keeps some chicken.

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(3)使……处在……状态 Sorry to have kept you waiting.

Let’s keep the door open but keep the windows closed. You must keep us well informed.

Mr. Xue always keeps us busy. Close the door to keep the cold out. Let’s keep the room in order. B. link v. 保持

We must keep fit.=We must keep in good health. C.习语

keep a record of登记；记录 keep a secret保密 keep watch注意；提防

keep one’s promise/word履行诺言 keep the law/rule遵守法律/法规 keep…apart使分离 keep away不接近；避开

keep…back扣下；阻止；留下；忍住（眼泪等）keep birthday/ Christmas庆祝生日/圣诞等 keep body and soul together维持生活 keep…down控制；缩减 keep sb. doing sth. 使…….坚持做 keep silence保持安静；保持沉默 keep sth. to oneself把……据为己有

keep sb. from doing sth. 阻止；使免于；抑制 keep hold of…抓住不放 keep …in mind记住

keep doing sth. 继续做；不断地做 keep on doing sth. 不停地做;反复地做 keep…out不许…….入内 keep out of…不参与

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Keep calm in time of danger.

keep sb. company与某人做伴； 陪伴某人 keep to sth.坚持；固守（习惯等） keep…under control使得以控制 keep in touch with…与保持联系 keep up坚持；继续 keep up with…跟上 keep watch守望；站岗 16.know A. vt. (1)知道

I have known him since childhood. (2)懂得

Do you know Japanese? B.习语

be known as…通称为；以著称；被认为是 be known for…因而出名 be known to sb.为某人所了解 become well known出名

for all/anything/ everything I know 据我所知 It is well known that…众所周知 know about/ of了解；知道 know…for certain确实知道

know sb. by name仅知道某人的名字（不认识） know sb. by sight与某人面熟（不熟悉） know/learn …by heart背诵

make…known/public公告；发表；表示 know/ tell right from wrong辨别是非 know no limits是无限的

A man’s life is limited, but service to the people knows no limits. 17.leave

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A. vi.离开；离去

He left in a hurry without telling anyone. When are you leaving? B. vt.(1)留下

She asked us to leave our address. (2)使处在某种状态

Sorry to have left some questions unanswered.

He left the window open. She left the baby crying bitterly. The illness left him rather weak. (3)剩下

We have only three months left. C.习语

leave…about乱放 leave…alone放任不管 leave…behind留下；遗下 leave A for B离开A去B leave hold of…放弃；松手 leave nothing to be desired尽善尽美 leave …off停止 leave …out省去；遗漏 leave…over留下；剩下 leave room for留下……余地 18.let A. vt.让

She doesn’t let her child play with fire. B.用于祈使句

Let’s go to the Summer Palace, shall we? Let Peter do the job, will you? C.习语

let…alone不干涉；听之任之；更不必说

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the baby can’t even walk, let alone run. let…be不干涉；听之任之 let…down使……失望;放下 I won’t let myself down! let…go释放；松手 Let go of me! let…in放进来

let…off放（炮、烟花、等） let…out泄漏；放掉（水、气等）；释放 let…pass放过；不追究；宽恕 19.look A. vi. 看

He looked happily at his great grandchildren playing about him. B. link v.看起来

He looks cheerful and carefree. C.习语

have/take a look a…看一看 have a look of…好像；仿佛 look about四下环顾 look about for…四下寻找 look after…照看；目送 look ahead考虑未来；预做准备 look as if…似乎；好象 look at…看

look away from…转移目光 look back回头看

look back on/ upon…回忆；回顾 look down on/ upon…俯视；蔑视 look for…寻找

look forward to doing sth. 期待；展望

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look in（随便）看望

He looked in on Mr. Smith on his way to work. He went to look in at the fish farm. look into…窥视；调查 look like…看起来像 look on旁观

look on A as B 认为A是B look out向外看； 注意；警戒 look out for…提防 look …over审阅； 翻阅

look through…透过……看去; 彻底调查；从头看到底 look up to sb. 尊敬/仰望某人 look up仰视；胸怀大志 look sth. up查阅

look sb. in the eye/ face直视某人 20.make A. vt. (1)做；制造

Cell phones are made in this factory. (2)和表示动作的名词连用，表示动作或活动 make a study of= study make use of= use

make an examination of= examine make an explanation of= explain make a fool of=fool make fun of make repairs

make a suggestion= suggest make an attempt= attempt make an answer= answer make a decision=decide make preparations for=prepare for make a guess at=guess make a speech make arrangements (3)使（做）；使（成为）

He made us work day and night. We were made to work day and night.

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Praise make good men better and bad men worse.

We made you our monitor. What made you so frightened? This machine makes it possible for us to finish the work in a short time. He made it a rule to get up at six every morning.(规定) (4)有条件成为

She will make a good housewife. Cold tea makes an excellent drink in summer. B.习语

be made from由……原料制成 be made of由……材料制成 be made out of由……制成 be made up of由……所组成 be made into被制成…… be made to do sth. 被迫去做 make for=head for =make towards走向；冲向 make oneself understood/heard使自己被理解/听到 make…out理解；看清楚；辨认

make…up弥补；补偿；起草；捏造；化装；构成，占；言归于好，和解 make a living谋生 make bed铺床

make…clear表明；说明

make ends meet应付开支；维持生活；使收支相抵 make friends with与……交朋友 make one’s way to sp.向……走去 make room/ way for为……让路

make sure/certain一定要；保证做到；核实 Make sure that you get there in time.

We must make certain they will come in time. make the best/most of尽量利用；充分利用 make up one’s mind决心；决定 to make a long story short长话短说

make sb.’s hair stand on end使……毛骨悚然 make a fire生火 21.prefer

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A. 更喜欢；宁愿 vt.

He preferred apples to bananas. I prefer to go by air. Which do you prefer, rice or bread?

I would prefer she do it in another way.(虚拟语气) B.习语

prefer doing A to (doing) B 宁愿做A，不愿做B I prefer watching a football game to playing football. =I would rather watch a football game than play football. prefer to do A rather than (do) B 宁愿做A，不愿做B Liu Hulan preferred to die rather than give in to the enemies. 22.put A. vt. 放

He put the book where he found it. B.习语

put…across清楚地表达

put an end/a stop to sth.结束；消灭 put…aside把放在一边；抛弃；积蓄 put…away把收起来；储存备用；

put…back把放回原处；拨回（钟表的指针等） put…down放下；；记下；削减 put…forth发表；提出

put…forward提出；建议；拨快（钟表的指针等） put…in插话；伸进

put…off推迟；延期；脱（衣服等） put…on穿上；增加（体重等）；上演 put…out放出；熄灭；出版；生产 put…right改正（错误）；整理；治愈 put sb. at ease使某人放心、安心、宽心 put through…完成；

put A through to B把A接通B（电话）

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put…together合计；装配（机器等）；把……放在一起 put…up举起；挂起；搭起；上演；陈列；张贴 put up with…忍受

put…into practice把应用到实践中去 put sb. to bed打发睡觉 put sth. to/into use使得以应用 put…into English把翻译成英语 put in a word for sb.为某人进言 put sb. in charge使某人负责 put sth. in order使井井有条 put on airs摆架子

put sb. to death/test处死/考验 23.run A. vi. (1)跑

They came running to meet us. (2)行驶

The train was running at 80 miles an hour. (3)流

All the rivers will run into the sea. We mustn’t let the water run to waste.

His nose is running all day because he has a bad cold. B. vt. 管理；经营 They have run six factories. He runs the school well. C. link v. 变得

The river began to run dry. Our food supply is running low. His blood ran cold at the news. Their money is running short. The garden was running wild. D.习语

run a fever发高烧

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run after sb./ sth.追求 run away逃跑 run for…竞选 run into…邂逅；偶遇 run on滔滔不绝往下说 run out（某物）用完 run out of…用完（某物） run short（某物）短缺 run short of…短缺（某物） run up to…合计为；高达 run a risk冒险

run across…邂逅；偶遇 run ahead of…领先于 run away with…带……而逃走 run against…邂逅；偶遇；违反 run at…袭击；冲向

run over溢出； run over….过目；浏览 run smooth进展顺利

run through…花光；用尽；略谈 run up迅速成长；（物价）上涨 run upon…邂逅；偶遇 24.see

A. vt. (1)看到；看见

I saw the accident with my own eyes. I’ve never seen you look so well. Just now I saw someone going upstairs. When we got there, we saw a house being built. Last night I saw a dog killed by a car. I’m glad to see all of you happy. I could see that they need my help.

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*The year 1949 saw the founding of the People’s Republic of China. (2)看望；接见

I went to see a friend of mine last Sunday afternoon. I’ll be seeing you this evening. (3)了解；明白

He asked to look and see if he missed anything. Now you see what I mean? B. 习语

see sb. home送某人回家 see about sth.负责处理……

I’ll see about the tickets for the concert. see…for oneself自己看；体验一下 see into…了解；调查

see much/a lot/nothing/little of…常/很少/从不见到 see sb. off送行

see through…看穿；识破 see sb. through支持某人到底 see to sth.处理；料理

There was much to see to. He has to see to the luggage. see to it that…注意做到；务必要 See to it that you do not fall when skating. as far as I can see踞我所知 see sb. out送某人出门 see that因为，从……一点来看 25.send A. vt.

(1)寄（信），发（电报）

They sent me some pictures. I have a telegram to send to Bob. (2)（派人）送

Let’s send the radio there to be repaired.

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He sent his regards to you. (3)派遣

He asked to be sent to work in . (4)使…….变得

The bad news sent him mad/ out of mind.

The sight of the Red Army sent the enemy running in all directions. B.习语 send for去请

send A for B派A 去请B send…forth发出

The sun sends forth light and heat. send…off送行

send…out发出（光、热、气味、烟雾等） send…up发射

send sb. away解雇；逐出 send…over播出；播送 26.set A. vi. 下落

It will be cooler when the sun has set. B. vt. (1)放置；摆设

She set the dish on the table. Let’s set the clock by the radio signal. (2)规定；确定

He set a strict rule for himself. Have they set the time for the meeting? (3)使某人做事或处在某种状态 With only a few words he set us laughing. What he said set me thinking. He set all the prisoners free.

That set all our doubts at rest.这消除了我们所有的怀疑。

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C.习语

set about doing sth.= set out to do sth.开始做 set an example做出榜样 set…apart拨出；留出

A room has been set apart for the purpose. set…aside拨出；积蓄；不理会 set…back往回拨；使倒退 set…down放下；写下；制定 set fire to sth.= set sth. on fire放火烧 set foot in…进入；踏上

set…forth列举；提出；动身；起程 set…in order整顿 set…loose释放；解开 set off动身

set…off燃放（鞭炮、烟花等）；引起 set one’s mind/ heart on…下定决心 set out动身；出发 set…out列举

He set out his reasons for what he had done. set sail启航

set… to work使开始工作

He set to work at once writing the book. He set everyone to work together. set…up立起来；成立；修建 set…upside down颠倒过来 27.show

A. vt. (1)拿给人看

Show me your ticket, please! Can you show me a bigger one? (2)说明；表明

Her eyes showed that she was lying. Show us how to use this machine.

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That shows how ignorant we are. (3)表现；显露

He showed courage in face of danger. (4)放映；展出

A new film is being shown at this cinema. (5)带领

Show them in, please. I’ll show you into my room. B.习语

show off炫耀；表现自己 This guy likes showing off. show…off炫耀

I don’t like the way he shows off his knowledge. show one’s face 露面 show oneself出席；显露出来 His anger showed itself in his voice. show up出现；出席 show…up暴露，揭露

This only served to show up their weakness. 28.speak A. vi.说；发言

He spoke with me about his childhood. He was too hurt to speak to us. I’ve never spoken of these things to anyone before. He spoke at the meeting yesterday. Action speaks louder than words. She spoke in broken English. B. vt.说

She speaks good French. Trust me that I am speaking the truth. C.习语

speak for…代表……说话；为……辩护 I can only speak for myself.

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speak out大胆讲出来 speak out against…发言反对

He spoke out against what he thought was unjust. speak up坦率说出自己的看法；说话大声些 speak highly/well/highly/ill/badly of…称赞/非议

generally/strictly/broadly/roughly/frankly speaking=to speak generally, etc.一般来说，严格地讲，广义地讲，严格地讲，老实地说 be spoken of as…被说成为

nothing to speak of…不值一说；没有说的价值 29.stand

A. vi. (1)站 Come and sit by my side if you love me. (2)立于 The house stands between the two large trees. There stood a strange man right behind me. B. vt. (1)放

Stand the ladder against the wall. (2)忍受

If you can’t stand the heat, get out of the kitchen. C.习语

stand against…反对

They all stood against the war. stand at attention/ease立正/稍息 stand behind sb. 支持

stand by支持；袖手旁观；准备行动 We’ll stand by you through thick and thin. You mustn’t stand by and do nothing about it. stand for…代表，表示；主张 X often stands for an unknown number. We stand for self-reliance（自力更生）. stand on one’s own feet依靠自己 stand out突出；显著

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Her talent stood out in comparison with the others. stand aside站开；不参与；靠边站 stand back向后退 stand still站住；停顿 stand up站起；起立 30.take

A. vt. (1)拿 Taking a sheet of paper, she began to write. (2)带（往某处） After that she took us to Rome.

(3)吃、喝、吸 Take a little more bread. He took some medicine. (4)乘坐 They took a taxi home.

(5)采取，接受，选择He took a doctor’s degree. After lots of thinking, she took the job. (6)测量；照（像）；记录Let me take your blood pressure. We took a few pictures of the hill. (7)对待；接受 You cannot take this too seriously.

(8)需要 How long does it take to finish washing these dishes? (9)攻下 They took the town by surprise. B.习语

take a chance碰碰运气 take one’s seat坐下；就座 take a turn for the better好转 take a vote表决

take advantage of利用；占便宜 take aim at…瞄准 take…apart拆开；拆卸 take part in…参加 take A as B当成 take…back收回 take…away拿开

take…by surprise突然袭击

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take care 当心 take care of…照顾；负责 take charge of…负责

take delight/ pleasure/ interest /pride in…喜欢、以……自豪 take…down记下来；记录 take effect生效

take A for B=take A to be B认为A是B take…for granted视为当然，想必是

Some students take it for granted that English is easy to learn. take hold of…抓住；握住

take…in订阅；欺骗；领会；接（活干） take…into consideration把……纳入考虑范围内 take it easy别紧张；放开些；放松些 take note/notice of…注意；留心 take notes记录

take…off脱掉；起飞；打折扣 take office上任；就职 take on…雇佣；呈现

take one’s time从容从事；慢慢来 take…out取出；洗掉

take pains/trouble to do sth.不辞辛劳地做 take place发生；举行 take root生根 take shape成型 take the chair主持会议 take the place of…代替

take turns to do sth.= take turns in doing sth.轮流做

take…up拿起；从事；接受；占（时间、空间、注意力等） take warning from…引以为戒；吸取教训 be taken ill/sick生病 take a short cut走捷径

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31.talk

A. vi. 谈话；讲话

He is talking loudly in the front of the classroom. B.习语

talk away不停地讲；通过谈话消除 talk back (to sb.)还嘴；顶嘴 talk big吹牛

talk sb. into doing sth.劝说干 talk sb. out of doing sth. 劝说不干 talk out说完 talk …over讨论 talk to sb.与谈话；责备 talk of…谈到 talk about…谈论；讲 talk together商量；谈判 32.tell

A. vt. （1）告诉；讲

Tell me your name. He told us what had happened to him. I’ll tell you what to do next. Don’t tell me. Let me guess. Do as you are told to. (2)判断

I really can’t tell the differences between them. I can hardly tell Kate from her twain sister. =I can hardly tell Kate and her twain sister apart. B.习语

tell A and apart= tell A from B区分开A与B to tell the truth说老实话

tell sb. about/ of sth.向某人讲起…… tell the world…公开讲；宣扬

tell a lie说谎 tell a white lie说善意的谎言 tell it like it is实话实说

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there is no telling…难以预料 There is no telling when he will return.

I’ll tell you what.让我告诉你/怎么去做。 Never tell me!别瞎扯了！

You are telling me!还要你告诉我（我早知道了）！ 33.think A. vi.想，思考

Give me some time to think. He told us to try to think in English. B. vt.认为；想

I never thought you could complete the work so soon. I don’t think I can get away now. Where do you think we can get this book? She isn’t as slow as you think she is. I think the book worth reading again.

This kind of computer is thought (to be) too hard to operate. We all think her a good learner.

I thought it our duty to offer them some medical care. I think it a great honor to speak here. C.习语

think about…考虑

think of…想到；想起；为着想；打算

This picture made us think of the days in the army. He couldn’t think of anything to say. She is always thinking of others.

She is thinking of going downtown this afternoon. What do you think of this movie?

think highly/well/a lot/ a great deal/much/poorly/ill/badly/little/nothing of对评价高/低 think of A as B认为A是B think…out/up想出 think…over仔细考虑

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think twice before…要三思后再…… just think…想想看（表示惊讶） Just think of the price!

wouldn’t/couldn’t think of…绝不能考虑/想象（做这样的事） I couldn’t think of disturbing them at this our of night. think hard沉思 34.turn

A. vi. 转弯，转身,转动

The planet turns round the sun. I turned and saw a boy running away. B. vt. (1)转向，转动

Please turn your eyes this way. Nothing can turn us from our purpose. (2)翻转；翻身

The doctor turned him over and looked at his back. C. link v.变得

Her face turned pale at the news. His hair is turning grey. The weather suddenly turned cold. Later he turned doctor. D.习语

turn a deaf ear to sth. 不听；不理睬 turn a blind eye to sth. 不看；不理睬 They turned a deaf ear to the people’s sufferings. They turned a blind eye to our demands. turn… aside避开；转变方向

turn…away转变方向；（转脸）不睬；打发走

turn back转过身来；赶回去 turn…down拒绝；驳回；旋小 turn…in归还；缴还 turn A into B把A变成B turn…off解雇；关上 turn…on开；攻击 turn out关上；解雇；证明是，结果是，实际情况是 The day turned out fine. He turned out to be a traitor. It turned out that he had never been there. turn one’s back on…对不理睬

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turn one’s head使头晕/昏 turn one’s stomach使作呕 turn…over移交；打翻；翻阅 I turned over the keys to Mr. Smith. He turned over all the tables in anger. He turned over one page or two and gave up. turn to sb. for help/advice求助于 turn to…翻到 turn up露面。出席

turn…up旋大；查（字典等）

He turned up the dictionary and found the explanation. turn…upside down/ inside out颠倒， 翻过来 35.work A. vi. （1）工作

He was forced to work from morning till night. (2)（机器等）开动

Soon the machine worked a gain smoothly. (3)(办法、计划等)行得通，进行（情况）

His method worked. It’s a good idea, but it won’t work. The treatment works like magic. B.习语

work at…干（某活动），研究等 She is busy working a new invention. work away 不停地干 work on…从事

We’re working on some wood-cuts. work…out制订；想出；计算 work…up准备，酝酿 work on…对起作用；激发

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