学习宾语从句要抓住三要素:连接词、语序和时态。 一.
宾语从句的定义
宾语从句在复合句中起宾语的作用,可以作动词的宾语,也可以做介词的宾语 作动词的宾语:
I heard that he would come here later on.
主语谓语动词一个句子作宾语 作介词的宾语:
He said nothing about who broke the win dow last ni ght.
主语 谓语动词 代词作动词的宾语 介词 一个句子作介词的宾语
二■宾语从句中引导词
(1)由that引导的宾语从句
that在从句中不充当任何句子成分,只起连接主句和从句的作用。 that不用翻
译出来,在口语中常常省略,这种宾语从句常是陈述句充当的。
The trouble is that we are short of mon ey. ⑵由连词“ if”或“ whether”引导。
Whether或if在句中不充当任何句子成分,只起连接作用,但不能省略。翻译 为“是
否”。这种宾语从句主要是一般疑问句充当的。
Do you know if Mr Smith is at home?
(3) 由连接代词 who, whom, whose, which, what 或连接畐U词 when, where, how, why等
引导。连接代词或连接副词位于从句的前面,起连接主句和从句的作用,从 句用陈述句语序。这种宾语从句主要是特殊疑问句充当的。
Do you know who broke the win dow? I don ' t know when I shall finish. I won der if the n ews is true.
⑷ 在某些形容词之后的从句有时也被看作宾语从句。 如afraid, sure, sorry, glad,
worried, aware, con fide nt, angry 等。
They were angry that they had lost the cha nee. Can you tell me where the library is? I ' m sorry that I ' m late.
三■宾语从句的语序
无论主句是陈述句还是疑问句,宾语从句都必须使用陈述语序,即“主句+连词+
宾语从句(主语+谓语+……)”句式。根据连接词在从句中所担任的不同成分,可 分为以下四种:
四■宾语从句的时态
含宾语从句的复合句,主、从句谓语动词的时态呼应应包括以下三点内容:
1) 如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时, 从句的谓语动词可根据需要, 选用相应 的任何时态。如:
I don't know when he will come back.我不知道他将何时回来。
He tells me that his sister came back yesterday 他告诉我他姐姐昨天回来了。 2) 如果主句的谓语动词是过去时, 宾语从句的谓语动词只可根据需要, 选用相 应的过去时态即一般过去时、 过去进行时、过去将来时或过去完成时的某一种形式。 如:
① The childre n did n't kn ow who he was.孩子们不知道他是谁。
② He asked his father how it happened他问他父亲这件事是如何发生的。 3) 如果宾语从句所表示的是客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象或习惯性动作等, 不管主句用什么时态,从句时态都用一般现在时。如:
The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun老 师说地球绕着太阳转。 五•简化宾语从句常用六法
同学们常会遇到把含有宾语从句的复合句转化为简单句,使其与原句意思相同 (或相近)的试题。下面就介绍几种常用的简化宾语从句的方法:
方法一:当主句谓语动词是 hope, decide, wish, choose agree promise
等,且宾语从句的主语与主句主语一致时,宾语从句可简化为不定式结构。例如:
Li Ming hopes he will be back very soon.
f Li Ming hopes to be back very soon.
We decided that we would help him. f We decided to help him.
方法二: 当主句谓语动词是 know, learn, remember, forget, tell等动词, 且主句主语与从句主语一致时,宾语从句可简化为“疑问词 +不定式”结构。例如:
She has forgotte n how she can ope n the win dow.
f She has forgotte n how to ope n the wi ndow.
注:当主句谓语动词是tell, ask, show, teach等动词,且后带双宾语,从 句主语和间接宾语一致时,宾语从句可简化为“疑问词 +不定式”结构。例如:
Could you tell me how I can get to the station f Could you tell me how to get to the statiorP
方法三:当主句的谓语动词是 order (命令)‘require (需要)等时,如果主句 和从句的主语不一致,宾语从句可简化为“名词(代词) +不定式”结构。例如:
The headmaster ordered that we should start at once^ The headmaster ordered us to start at on ce.
方法四:某些动词后的宾语从句,可以用介词加动名词(短语)等其他形式简 化。例如:
He in sisted that he should go with us.f He in sisted on going with us.
The poor boy doesn t know when and where he was born.f The poor boy doesn t know the time and the place of his birth.
方法五:某些动词后面的宾语从句可转化为“宾语+V-ing形式(作宾语补足语)” 结构。例如:
Liu Ping found that there was a wallet lying on the ground. f Liu Ping found a wallet lying on the ground.
方法六:动词seem后的宾语从句,也可以用不定式(短语)来简化,但句型需 要进行适当的变化。例如:
It seemed that the boys were going to win.f The boys seemed to win.
除上述方法外,还有一些特殊句式的转化。例如:
I found that it was difficult to learn English well. f I found it difficult to learn En glish well.
Soon we found that the ground was covered with thick snow. f Soon we found the ground covered with thick snow.
They found that the box was very heavy. f They found the box very heavy
六.注意
if和when既可以引导宾语从句,也可以引导状语从句,应注意它们在两种从句 中的意思和用法的不同。if和when引导宾语从句时,分别意为“是否”和“何时”, 其时态应和主句时态相呼应;它们引导状语从句时,意思分别为“如果,假如”和 吗?
“当……时候”,当主句时态是一般将来时时,其时态用一般现在时。它们常常放 在含
有状语从句和宾语从句的题干中进行综合考查。如:
—Do you know when he will come back tomorrow ?你知道他明天什么时候回来
—Sorry, I don't know. When he comes back I'll tell you .对不起,不知道。当 他回来了,我将告诉你。
—I don't know if he will come .我不知道他是否会来。
—He will come if it does n't rain .如果不下雨,他会来的。 七、宾语从句的否定转移
当主句的谓语动词是think ,believe , guess , expect等,并且主语为第一人称时, 从句的否定词应转移到主句谓语动词上来。如:
The T-shirt doesn' t cost so much . I think …(连接成复合句) I don' t think ( that ) the T-shirt costs so much .
二、感叹句
感叹句表示说话时的惊讶、喜悦、气愤等情绪,带有强烈的感情色彩。感叹句 主要有两种:what和how引导的感叹句。
What + a/an +可数名词单数 + 主语 + 其他;What a beautiful day it is! What + 可数名词复数 + 主语 + 其他 What good students they are ! What +不可数名词 +主语+其他 What fine weather it is !
How + 形容词或副词 + 主语+其他 How well they have learned English!
补充练习:
按要求进行句型转换
1. It is a nice box.(改为感叹句)
________________________________________________ !
2. The workers are working hard.(改为感叹句)
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