英国文学选读课后答案

英国文学选读课后答案(总13页)

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英国文学选读Of Studies P18

are now living in the age of “information explosion”. What lessons can we learn from Bacon’s< of studies> in our access to information

Our planet is developing forward. The fast-moving development of science and technology makes it more convenient for students to get sufficient and effective information by countless ways. That is the external condition for our study, which we can appropriately make full use of. But what we have to keep in mind is that the eternal master of study is no one but ourselves in the process of studying.

what sense does reading make a full man

Reading makes a full man. Histories make men wise, poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; natural philosophy, deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend. Reading histories makes people learn lessons from the ancient time, avoid making the same mistakes and predict the development of things. People who read histories will be wiser than these who just act according to their own preferences without learning from histories. Reading poem s makes people learn the beauty of language, the beautiful classical style of art and live a poetic life. People who read poems will be wittier than these who haven’t feel the beautiful mood and pure life. Reading mathematics makes people focus on the accurate calculation, develop a scientific attitude, and form a pragmatic spirit. People who read mathematics will be more subtle to consider things from all aspects and do things from the drop carefully than these who don’t read. Reading natural philosophy makes people pursue truth, explore the unknown mystery, and practice actively. People who read natural philosophy will be deeper than these who don’t learn the theory of reflecting the truth. Readingmoral makes people learn the way of harmony living, form the principle of ethical behaviors and develop correct outlooks on values. People who read moral will be graver than these who behave without correct principles and can’t deal with different logic makes people master the rules of thinking, dealing with different things and exploring objective reality. People who read logic will be more contend to have clear ideas, mater the principles of objective truth than these who don’t act according to rules.

Different kinds of reading materials play different roles in making a full man. People should get into different reading fields and train themselves to become a comprehensive talent. Reading will do good to one’s physical health according to some reading materials of physical training. What’s more important, reading promotes the development of logic thinking and morality. People can be called a full man on condition that they have fine quality, delicate self-cultivation and strict morality. Try to read extensively and become a full man . Poems:

Hamlet P8

is sleep so frightening, according to Hamlet, since it can “end” the heartache and the thousand natural shocks” Nobody can predict what he will dream of after he falls asleep. Death means the end of life, you may go to or unknown world and you

can’t comeback,. If he dies, Hamlet 's can't realize his will. Though “sleep” can end the heartache and the thousand natural shocks, it is a state of mind.

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Hamlet didn’t know at all. He is frightened by the possible suffering in the long “dream”. He can’t predict what will happen in the sleep, may be good may be evil. would people rather bear all the sufferings of the world instead of choosing death to get rid of them, according to HamletDeath is so mysterious that nobody knows what death will bring to us. Maybe bitter sufferings, great pains, heartbreaking stories… Because people hold the same idea \"to grunt and sweat under a weary life,

but that the dread of something after death-the undiscover’d country, form whose bourn no traveler returns-puzzle the will, and make us rather bear those ills we have than fly to others that we know not of”People also are frightened by the myths in another world after death.

, after all, makes people lose their determination to take action Please explain in relation to the so-called hesitation of Hamlet.

Conscience and over-considerations. He wants to revenge, but doesn’t know how. He wants to kill his uncle, but finds it too risky. He lives in despair and wants to commit suicide. However, he knows if he dies, nobody will comfort his father’s ghost. He is in face of great dilemma. They don’t know the result after their

taking the action. Such as Hamlet, he doesn’t know what would happen if he kills his uncle or kills himself . So Hamlet was hesitated.

Sonnet 18 P13

does the poet answer the question he puts forth in the first line (Page 14) The poet opens with a question that is addressed to the beloved, \"Shall I compare thee to a summer's day\" This question is comparing “thee” to the summer time of the year. It is during this time when the flowers are blooming, trees are full of leaves, the weather is warm, and it is generally considered as an enjoyable time during the year. The following eleven lines in the poem are also dedicated to similar comparisons between the beloved and summer days. In lines 2 and 3, the speaker explains what mainly separates the young woman from the summer's day: she is \"more lovely and more temperate.\" (Line 2) Summer days are sometimes shaken by \"rough winds\" (line3) which happens and is not always as welcoming as the woman. However in line 4, the poet gives the feeling again that the summer months are often too short by saying, \"And summer lease hath too short a date.\" In the summer days, the sun, \"the eye of heaven\" (line 5), often shines \"too hot,\" or too dim, \"his gold complexion dimmed\" (line 6) as \"every fair from fair sometime declines.\" (Line 7) The final portion of the sonnet tells how the beloved differs from the summer in various aspects. Her beauty will be one that lasts forever, \"Thy eternal summer shall not fade.\" (Line 9), and never end or die.

At last two lines , the poet explains how the beloved's beauty will accomplish this everlasting life unlike summer days. And it is because her beauty is kept alive in this poem, which will last forever. It will live \"as long as men can breathe or eyes can see.\" (Line 13) the poem is outwardly a simple statement of praise about the beauty of the beloved woman and perhaps summer to the speaker is sometimes too unpleasant with the extremes of windiness and heat that go along with it. However, the beloved in the poem is always mild and temperate by her nature and nothing at all like the summer.

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At last , the poet starts to praise that the beloved is so great and awing that she is to live forever in this sonnet. The beloved is so great that the speaker will even go as far as to say that, \"So long as men breathe, or eyes can see, so long lives this and this gives life to thee.”(line 13 、 14 ) that the beloved is deserving to live on forever.

2. What makes the poet think that “thou” can be more beautiful than summer and immortal

At the very beginning, the poet puts forth a question: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day” Then he gives an answer: “Thou art more lovely and more

temperate.” On the one hand, “Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, and summer’s lease hath all too short a date;” on the other hand, “Sometime too hot the heaven shines, and often is his gold complexion dimmed.” So from the above two aspects the poet thinks that “thou” can be more beautiful than summer. In addition, “And every fair from fair sometime declines, by chance, or nature’s changing course untrimmed.” Compared with immortal, “But thy eternal summer shall not fade, nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st, nor shall death brag thou wand’rest in his shade, when in eternal lines to times thou grow’st.” Therefore, the poet draws a conclusion: “So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, so long lives this, and this gives life to thee.” In this poem, the poet makes “thou” more beautiful than summer and immortal because of his beautiful lines. So in this case, “thou” in the poem can be regarded as female because love can beauty eternal. Or “thou” can be referred to male, for friendship can make beauty everlasting. Even “thou” can be abstract “love” or “beauty” which will become eternal in the wonderful poem.

The Tiger P50

1. Why does the poet mention the Lamb Do you think both the Lamb and the Tiger can illuminate each other

The Tyger is corresponding to The Lamb. Both the poems show the poet’s exploration,

understanding and plaint of the mysterious creation. In this poem, the author implies that the Tiger is created by God as well as the Lamb. So either the Tiger or the Lamb is essential to God.

I think both the Lamb and the Tiger can illuminate each other. Although the Lamb can represent the kind “innocent society”, it will be lack of enough motivation to make progress. While the Tiger will cause social misery, unrest or even disruption, but it can make people release their creativity. So the poet believes that the Tiger is the symbol of strength and courage. And he also praises its passion, desire and all the lofty beauty.

is the symbolic meaning of the tiger What idea does the poet want to express The symbol of the Tyger is one of the two central mysteries of the poem (the other being the Tyger’s creator). It is unclear what it exactly symbolizes, but scholars have hypothesized that the Tyger could be inspiration, the divine, artistic creation, history, the sublime (the big, mysterious, powerful and sometimes scary. Read more on this in the \"Themes and Quotes\" section), or vision itself. Really,

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the list is almost infinite. The point is, the Tyger is important, and Blake’s poem barely limits the possibilities

The tiger is the embodiment of God's power in creation: the animal is terrifying in its beauty, strength, complexity and vitality. The poem is divided into six parts. In the first part, the author imagined that he met a terrible tiger on a dark night and was frightened by its awful eyesight. There are creations and creators. How great the creator is that he could create such an awful creation like tiger! In the second part, the author continues to ask, where comes the eyesight like fire, sea or sky The following two parts, the author describes the creator as a smith. He creates the tiger. What behind the questions is the frightening and respect of the author to the creator. In the fifth part, the author changes his tone and asks when the stars throw down their spears, why they are not happy The last part is as same as the first part, the creator is too mysterious to understand.

The tiger shows its outstanding energy. It’s the vitality which the author thinks highly of. The key sentence of the poem is \"Did he who made the Lamb make thee\" It challenges the one-track religious views of the 18’s century. The view only concluded that god create the lame, he is so kind a father. But it didn’t know god also create the tough tiger. He can also be very serious. The god is someone who can’t be truly understood by human beings.

I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud P57

is the relation between the poet and nature as described in the poem

Theme of Man and the Natural World : Wordsworth is the granddaddy of all nature poets, and he’s in top form in \"I wandered lonely as a Cloud.\" In her journal entry about the day in question, Wordsworth's sister Dorothy wrote about their surprise at finding so many daffodils in such a strange place, next to a lake and under some trees. \"How’d those get there\" she wondered, even guessing that maybe the seeds floated across the lake. The event is one of the minor miracles that nature produces all the time, as anyone who has seen the documentaryPlanet Earth or the Disney movie Earth knows. Wordsworth’s nature is full of life and

vitality. He appreciates its wildness and unpredictability, but he humanizes the landscape and fits it to his own mind. Theme of Happiness

\"I wandered lonely as a Cloud\" is a poem that just makes you feel good about life. It says that even when you are by yourself and lonely and missing your friends, you can use your imagination to fine new friends in the world around you. As John Milton famously wrote, \"The mind is its own place, and in itself, can make heaven of Hell, and a hell of Heaven.\" The speaker of this poem makes a heaven out of a windy day and a bunch of daffodils. His happiness does not last forever – he’s not that unrealistic – but the daffodils give him a little boost of joy whenever he needs it, like recharging his batteries. Theme of Spirituality

The 19th century Scottish writer Thomas Carlyle coined the phrase \"natural

supernaturalism,\" which has been used by later critics to describe how the Romantic poets, and especially Wordsworth, viewed the natural world as a spiritual realm.

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The idea is that Heaven comes down to earth and is viewed as part of the world. This poem illustrates the principle of natural supernaturalism. The daffodils are like angels and twinkling stars, and the \"bliss\" of heaven occurs in speaker’s imagination. He uses Christian ideas and images to make an ode to nature without any reference to God. Theme of Memory and the Past

\"I wandered lonely as a Cloud\" is almost like a simpler version of \" Tintern Abbey ,\" one of Wordsworth’s other most famous works. In both poems, the memory of beautiful things serves as a comfort to the speaker even after the experience of viewing them has ended. He can always draw on his imagination to reproduce the joy of the event and to remember the spiritual wisdom that it provided. In the case of \"I wandered lonely as a Cloud,\" we do not realize just how far in the future the speaker’s perspective is located until the fourth stanza, when he describes just how often the daffodils have comforted him. you think nature can have healing effect on mind

I think nature can have healing effect on mind, but the precondition is that the nature should be peaceful and earthly. Let’s imagine a scene. At the very beginning, we felt a little sad. Then, we place ourselves at a peaceful and clean lake. We sit on the comfortable and green grass. There are several wild flowers on the grass. Some little birds are walking near us with chirp. We can breathe the smell of the earth. When we are watching it glistening in the sunshine, there may be a smile on our face again. Nobody will be not touched in this condition unless there is something wrong with his mind. It is just like a picture. Or it is just like a clean bracing and ethereal melody. We can close our eyes to listen to it without any distracting thoughts. It always can comfort our hearts, and we will not feel that desperate. Every time I feel not happy I will listen to a piece of piano music. That makes me good, all my fidgeting will go away from me. Sometimes I will reflect where the problem is. Peaceful music is just like the nature. Both they can give me a kind of feeling like mother. Do not be scared at all. Sometimes I suppose if the criminal can live in the nature and experience it, they will not do that evil. In another hand, those artists maybe can not create the works. As the author said, a host of golden daffodils beside the lake, beneath the trees, fluttering and dancing in the breeze. The memory made him excited and brought his lonely heart happiness. If a writer does not watch any beautiful scenery, I believe he or she can’t be a good writer. Peaceful nature is a place people can release themselves and remove the unhappiness. In this circumstance, the writer digs their inspiration. Yes, I think so. Some people may think that our nature has been highly polluted by our human beings. And it won’t have any effects on us. The others may think the nature has bad influence on our bodies because of the contamination. But I think nature must have a lot of healing effect on mind. As the development of the society, people may meet more and more difficulties, and it may lead to more stress. For example, when a person has worked for a long time, it is hard for him to do more. He would like to spend sometime travelling to somewhere. The place is best to be beautiful, clean, comfortable, with clear sky and green grass. People can breathe

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the fresh air there. When he lies on the grass and watches the sky, he may forget all the stress on work. The only thing he can do is to enjoy the charming scenery and great nature.

Nature also can affect people when they are ill especially serious disease. The patient may feel their life meaningless. At that time, their families will take them to a remote place. They may also let the patient have a pet. During the feeding period, the patient may feel that a life is so difficult to bring up. He will heal the spirit to live. Different people have different ideas. I can’t say that nature doesn’t have mischief, but in my opinion, its good effects are more. Novels:

The Canterbury Tales

is the setting of the tales described With such a setting, could you predict the general tone of the tales

Early spring. General tone: happy, easy, lively, humorous. of the Knight

The knight displays many traits which make him seem almost too good to be true, and a true gentleman that rarely exists in reality. The knight holds four main

admirable traits, making him the most liked traveler in \"The Canterbury Tales,\" and also amplying the doubt of his realism. From the characters impressive introduction, it is clear that this man is the most valued and honorable traveler among the group. This perfect gentleman holds a love of ideals that are often not displayed by people. First and foremost, he believes in the ideals of chivalry, and always stays true to its principles. He also feels that one should be honest, truthful and faithful, which many people are not all of these ideals. The knight thinks one should only do what is right, and what will gain him honor and reputation. This character also believes in freedom and generosity towards all, and displays this ideal repeatedly throughout the novel. And lastly, the knight also strongly feels that any proper person should display courtesy and elegance at all times.

Another aspect of this character's life which makes him seem too prestigious to be truthful is his impressive military career. He fought in the holy war, The knight obviously held a very respectable reputation, and was treated with much honor and respect. He was a perfect gentleman, showing kindness and understanding to everyone he came in contact with. The knight was extremely well-mannered, always being on his best behavior. His appearance was the \"finishing touch,\" adding honor and integrity to his courageous and gentle spirit. This main character was clothed still in his armor, wearing a tunic of harsh cloth and his coat of mail is rust-stained, clearly showing remaining signs of past battles.

The Life and Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe P33

do you think of Crusoe’s way of marking time Why is it important for him to keep track of time

A good way. He doesn’t want to forget time. For a civilized man, time is precious. this excerpt, what do you find admirable in Robinson Crusoe

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Strong-minded, careful, capable, persevering, optimistic, ambitious, self-reliant, clever, practical, adventurous, patient, rational, sympathetic, hardworking, imaginative, energetic, courageous, amiable (kind-hearted). Pride and Prejudice P65

you agree with the statement “it is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife” What’s the relationship between money and marriage

I do not agree with the statement. I think it is wrong to get married for money and position, but at the same time it is idiot to do not consider money and position. In this novel, we can see the hero Darcy proposed marriage to Eliza but failed every time. Because Eliza has prejudice on Darcy and hated his pride actually. This kind of pride is a reaction from position’s differences. Unless the pride disappears, it will be possible that they could get married. Then Eliza observed Darcy’s doing, especially found his changing on his pride. She removed her prejudice and got married with Darcy. From the distinct attitudes to Darcy, It’s not difficult to find Eliza maintained women should pursue their right of personality independence and fairness. And this attitude reflected Austen’s view of marriage as well. Therefore, she maintained that we can not get married for money and see marriage as a game. She stressed the significance of ideal marriage, and love is the cornerstone. Through this novel Jane Austen tried to tell people must take some action and reflect, then there will be hope. Because respection is not native, we can only get it from our action and reflection. Here, we can easily discover author thought women should have self respect and be independent. What women want is not just money, they also need the respect and right. Marriage is not a trade. It is impossible that I give you money, then you will marry me. There is a third thing——love. If two people love each other, they will not break up because of how much money he own. .

do you think of Mrs. Bennet How can you characterize her

Mrs. Bennet’s mind was less difficult to understand. She was a woman of poor understanding, little information and uncertain temper. When she was discontented, she imagined herself nervous. The business of her life was to get her daughters married, the solace of her life was visiting and news. Mrs Bennet is a woman who cares for nothing more than to have her daughters married off. A reference from the last chapter book which supports this statement is \"Happy for all her maternal feelings was the day on which Mrs. Bennet got rid of her two most deserving daughters.\" I also see that Mrs Bennet is extremely fickle and changes her mind quickly. Mrs Bennet is a woman who thrives on gossip . It is almost all she cares about.

makes Elizabeth feel so grateful to Darcy How does Darcy respond to her.( P71) Elizabeth ’s sister Lydia has always been frivolous and she runs away with Wayne , who is poor and hypocritical. This behavior is not recognized at that time which destroys the Bennet’s reputation. The whole family feels ashamed, especially Elizabeth. Although Lydia has the plan to marry Wayne, Wayne, as a playboy,

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considers everything as a game. Elizabeth is so worried with her poor sister, so she decides to leave her hometown to find her sister. Fortunately, Darcy gives a helping hand. He finds them and tries his best to convince Lydia to come back. Faced with Wayne’s greedy, he doesn’t flinch. He pays the debts for Wayne and gives Lydia a large amount of money. In order to help them, he also buys an official post for Wayne. Besides these, Darcy is also very gentle, he doesn’t expose Wayne so as to protect the whole family’s reputation. He does everything for Elizabeth, he doesn’t want her to be harmed. Darcy is proud at the beginning, which makes Elizabeth hate him so much, but after he has done so many things, Elizabeth’s prejudice is eliminated and she feels so grateful to Darcy.

Darcy feels sorry at the beginning. He is also surprised and excited. Originally, Darcy doesn’t want Elizabeth to know everything. He doesn’t help her sister for certain purpose. Generally, he is delighted that Elizabeth is not so indifferent to him as before. He has never wanted to get her gratitude, but this time he feels hopeful. He tells Elizabeth that all his done was for her only, because it’s only her in his heart. He shows his affections to her again which makes Elizabeth so embarrassed. Darcy also apologizes for his pride in the past time. Now, they have cleared up the misunderstanding. It’s a turning point of their emotional journey.

参考资料：

Unit 1

Chaucer ---The Canterbury Tales : Springtime

the beginning of things is exactly what the poem emphasizes in its description of springtime, talking about how the wind spreads the seeds that peek their heads above the soil as they begin to grow into crops, and how birds begin their mating season.

The poem might start this way in order to remind us how pilgrimages are also a start of new beginnings. See, the idea of a pilgrimage is that you start on a journey of repentance, beginning a new life, one free from sin. In the beginning of the poem, then, the springtime is a symbol of the new beginnings and the creation of new lives the pilgrims are about to undertake. 寓言 : Pilgrimage from London to Canterbury

It's probable that the pilgrims' journey from London to Canterbury represents another journey that was very important to a medieval person: the journey from Earth to Heaven. As the journey begins, we have a sinful group of pilgrims, many of whom are hiding various vices and dirty secrets. Their pilgrimage is meant to be a journey of repentance, so that by the time they reach Canterbury, they will be fully cleansed of these sins. Thus, in this allegory, the tavern 客栈 represents the sinful life on Earth, while Canterbury represents the sin-free life in heaven all people are trying to reach 3. Social significance of the poem

The Canterbury Tales is more than a mere collection of true-to-life pictures.

Taking the stand of the rising bourgeoisie, Chaucer affirms men and women’s right to pursue their happiness on earth and opposes the dogma of asceticism preached by

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the church. As a forerunner of humanism, he praised man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. His tales expose and satirize the evils of the time, as the degeneration of the noble, the heartlessness of judge and so on. With especially formidable force Chaucer attacks the corruption of the church. Unit 2

Shakespeare----Hamlet

哈姆雷特是莎士比亚精心塑造的人文主义者的形象，他对人自身、对人类的明天满怀热爱和信心 , 有着无比的智慧 , 人文主义教育使他胸怀远大抱负但突破其来的巨变，使他遭受了那样多的不快，他无忧无虑、明朗爽快的性格发生了变化。他渴望用进步的人文主义思想改造社会，却又觉重任难当，难以施为。踌躇难决之下，他苦思焦虑，性格一变而为忧虑沉闷，更因复仇的证据不足，一时也找不复仇的时机，无法贸然行动，这使得他优柔寡断，但他采取的一系列措施无不表现了他的机智勇敢、镇定缜密以及超人的智慧。Shakespeare's Hamlet is the best shape in the image of humanism, full of love and confidence in the future of mankind. He used to have immense wisdom and humanist education in mind forms his ambitious. But after he suffered overnight tremendous changes, his open and forthright character changed. He was looking forward to using the idea of humanism to change the social progress, but he felt he couldn’t deserve it. Monologue of a strong sense of guilt reflects his pain and contradictory state of mind. Also some of his steps taken to assassinate his uncle show his ingenuity, courageous, calm careful and superhuman knowledge. 1. Themes: Madness

Madness – both real and feigned – is at the heart of the play. Hamlet's \"antic disposition\" has famously sparked a scholarly debate: Does Hamlet truly go \"mad\" or is it all an act An impossible mystery, it's one of many unanswered questions raised by the play. Nevertheless, the complexity and sheer ambiguity of Hamlet's mental state and erratic behavior is compelling and seems to speak to the play's overall atmosphere of uncertainty and doubt. Ophelia's clear descent into madness (and subsequent drowning) is somewhat of a different issue. Critics tend to agree that Ophelia seemingly cracks under the strain of Hamlet's abuse and the weight of patriarchal forces, which has important implications for the play's portrayal of \"Gender\" and \"Sex.\" Revenge

Hamlet gears up to be a traditional bloody revenge play – and then it stops. The bulk of the play deals not with Hamlet's ultimately successful vengeance on his father's murderer, but with Hamlet's inner struggle to take action. The play concludes with a bloodbath that's typical of revenge tragedy, but Hamlet's infamous delay sets it apart from anything that's come before it. Hamlet is also notable for the way it weaves together three revenge plots, all of which involve sons seeking vengeance for their fathers' murders. Ultimately, the play calls into question the validity and usefulness of revenge. Mortality

Hamlet's musings on suicide, especially the \"to be or not to be\" speech, are legendary and continue to direct discussions of the value of life and the mystery

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of death. But Hamlet himself never commits suicide. It is Ophelia, who never mentions the possibility of taking her own life, who drowns, seemingly as a result of some combination of madness and despair. Death threads its way through the entirety of Hamlet, from the opening scene's confrontation with a dead man's ghost to the bloodbath of the final scene, which leaves almost every main character dead. Hamlet constantly contemplates death from many angles. He is both seduced and repelled by the idea of suicide, but, in the famous gravedigger scene, he is also fascinated by the physical reality of death. In a way, Hamlet can be viewed as extended dialogue between Hamlet and death. Religion

Hamlet is not necessarily a play about \"religion\" but it does register many of religious ideologies and spiritual anxieties of the 16th century. Here we're talking about the effects of the Protestant Reformation, and Christian ideas about \"Mortality\" and the afterlife, all of which have major implications for the play's portrayal of the ghost. Hamlet is also interesting for the way it weaves together Christian attitudes toward murder, suicide, and revenge, which don't necessarily square with the basic tenets we typically find in the \"Genre\" of Revenge Tragedy. Lies and Deceit

Hamlet, more than almost any character in literature, hates deception and craves honesty. It is one of the brilliant ironies of the play that Hamlet, an absolutist in his quest for truth, is trapped in a seamy political world where deception is a necessary part of life and political \"spin\" rules the day. This contrast,

fascinating to the audience, is a torment to Hamlet. Deception is necessary for and used by every character in Hamlet, for every purpose ranging from love to parenting to regicide. Art and Culture

Literary critics consider Hamlet to be one of Shakespeare's most \"self-reflexive\" plays, which is to say that Hamlet self-consciously refers to the workings of the theater and also draws the audien...

Sonnet 18

莎士比亚诗歌的两个主题：时光不饶人，青春和美丽是短暂的；只有诗歌才有力量使美丽与爱情永存。

(theme: 只有文学可与时间抗衡 ) Change, Fate, and Eternity

However much it might look he’s praising a beloved, this poet is definitely more concerned with tooting his own horn. Really, you could sum up the poem like this: \"Dear Beloved: You’re better than a summer’s day. But only because I can make you eternal by writing about you. Love, Shakespeare.\" That message is why images and symbols of time, decay, and eternity are all over this poem. Whether or not we think the beloved is actually made immortal (or just more immortal than the summer’s day) is up in the air, but it’s certainly what the speaker wants you to think.

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Line 4: This is where the speaker starts pointing to how short summer feels. Using personification and metaphor, the speaker suggests that summer has taken out a lease on the weather, which must be returned at the end of the summer. Summer is treated like a home-renter, while the weather is treated like a real-estate property.

Lines 7-8: These lines give us the problem (everything’s going to fade away) that the poet is going to work against.

Lines 9-12: These lines are full of all sorts of figurative language, all pointing to how the speaker is going to save the beloved from the fate of fading away. The beloved’s life is described in a metaphor as a \"summer,\" and then his or her beauty is described in another metaphor as a commodity than can be owned or owed. Death is then personified, as the overseer of the shade (a metaphor itself for an afterlife). Finally the \"lines to time\" are a metaphor for poetry, which will ultimately save the beloved, and \"eternal\" is a parallel with \"eternal summer\" in line 9.

Lines 13-14: What’s so interesting about these lines is that it’s hard to tell whether the speaker is using figurative language or not. Does he actually mean that the poem is alive, and that it will keep the beloved alive Well, it depends what we mean by \"alive.\" If we read alive scientifically, as in breathing and thinking, well then alive is definitely a metaphor. But if we read it as describing a continued existence of some kind, well then maybe he does mean it literally, since surely the poem and the beloved exist for us in some sense.

Sonnet 18 deals with the conventional theme that natural beauty will surely be knocked out with the passing of time and that only art (poetry) can bring eternity to the one the poet loves and eulogizes. Unit 3

Of studies （注意看书上的 p16“ 赏析 ” ）

修辞手段 , 如排比 parallelism 、省略 omission 和类比 analogy 以及语言节奏的文体效果进行了分析 , 指出这些修辞手段的综合运用使语言简洁易懂 , 气势充沛 , 重点突出 , 论述深刻。同时 , 我们发现有些修辞手段提供的节奏是作者表达思想不可多得的重要载体carrier, 因此 , 对作品进行文体分析时不应忽视语言节奏产生的效果。 ( 语言风格和文体修辞 入手 )

如： 1 Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact 排比 parallelism 、省略 omission

2 Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.

3 else distilled books are, like common distilled waters, flashy 明喻 .simile 4 文章最后一段 --- 类比 analogy ， stond or impediment in the wit, 类比为 diseases of the body Unit 5

Defoe 《鲁宾逊漂流记》 The themes of Robinson's Crusoe a. man's struggles against nature

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b. glorification of the bourgeois men who has the courage and will to face hardship and determination to improve his livelihood.

c. Glorification of labor (Robinson lives on his own hands) The style of Robinson's Crusoe

a. realistic style, true to life, in details b. smooth, simple, colloquial language

c. long sentences are loose; short sentences are plain, easy to understand d. presents facts in order, the meaning is clear 主要人物性格特征：

鲁宾逊是一个充满劳动热情的人，伟大的人，坚毅的人。孤身一人在这荒无人烟的孤岛上生活了 27 年。面对人生困境，鲁宾逊的所作所为，显示了一个硬汉子的坚毅性格与英雄本色，体现了资产阶级上升时期的创造精神和开拓精神，他敢于同恶劣的环境作斗争。鲁宾逊又是个资产者和殖民者，因此具有剥削掠夺的本性。 strong-minded, careful, capable,

persevering, optimistic, ambitious, self-reliant, clever, practical, adventurous, patient, rational, sympathetic, hardworking, imaginative, energetic, courageous, amiable (kind-hearted)

“ 星期五 ” 本是个野人，是勤劳、对人真诚的人，被鲁宾逊从土着人手中解救并教化后，又成了他忠实的仆人和朋友，成了 “ 文明人 ” 的奴隶。

In Robinson Crusoe, Defoe traces the growth of Robinson from a na?ve and artless （ simple, innocent ） youth into a shrewd and hardened (strong-minded) man, tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life. The realistic account of the successful struggle of Robinson single-handedly against the hostile nature forms the best part of the novel. Robinson is here a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class man, with a great capacity for work, inexhaustible energy, courage, patience and persistence in overcoming obstacles, in struggling against the hostile natural environment. He is the very prototype of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist. Unit6

William Blake

The Tyger

Theme of Religion

You can’t get away from religion in \"The Tyger.\" In Blake’s day, religious individuals and their institutions held great sway over people, far more than they do now in Europe. Questioning God’s absolute supremacy was pretty rare, and was all but political suicide. Blake, on the other hand, has no problem questioning God, or dabbling in religious arenas that don’t automatically assume that the Christian God is actually alpha and omega (\"the beginning and the end\" of the Greek alphabet). Thus, Blake questions who \"could\" create the Tyger, casting aside the notion that such a being is omnipotent (all-powerful). He also challenges he who \"dares\" forge the Tyger, and contain (\"frame\") its \"fearful symmetry.\" Blake is not afraid of religious visions, since this poem is full of them, but he's not interested in simply rehashing the Christian doctrine. Rather, he interacts with Christian religion by challenging its assumptions. Theme of Awe and Amazement

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Closely related to the theme of religion, awe and amazement are what the divine or sublime inspire. The sublime is a specific term that used to mean more than it does today. Now, you can say a bowl of ice cream is \"just sublime,\" but back in the day (say, late 18th century England), people would have no idea what you meant. To them, the sublime is (typically) big, scary, mysterious, awe-inspiring, and, yes, amazing. You could get published writing a book about how \"The Tyger\" is about the sublime – Fearful Symmetry is in fact the title of one of the most influential books about Blake's poetry. The sublime is big and unable to be \"framed.\" It’s scary and \"fearful,\" full of \"deadly terrors.\" It’s mysterious, lurking in the \"forests of the night,\" forcing you to put thirteen question marks in your poem. It is awe-inspiring and amazing. Thus, \"The Tyger\" is in part about the fact that it is mysterious. It is about the awe and amazement that such mystery and sublimity inspires.

Theme of Literature and Writing

When a piece of literature is about literature in general, things can get a little tricky. What it means for a poem to be about poetry is that its content somehow reflects on the process or craft of its creation. Take, for example, a song about writing a song: \"Ohhhh, it’s so hard to write a soooong, about how much I loooooove yooouu, oooh ooh,\" etc. It’s a song about writing a song. In the same way, any poem could be about the process of writing a poem or artistic creation in general. In one way, \"The Tyger\" is a poem about writing a certain kind of poetry. Blake is very interested in visionary poetry, the kind that communicates deep truths about the universe, often concerning the divine or a higher power. Knowing anything about these subjects is really hard, so \"The Tyger\" can be read as a poem about how hard it is. If we think of the Tyger as the divine or as the knowledge of the divine, and the creator (\"he\") as a poet, then the poem is about the speaker

questioning how a poet could ever \"frame\" or possess the knowledge of the divine, let alone write about it in a poem. The Sick Rose

两个四行诗节押韵形式为 ABCB ，这种简短的二节拍诗行给人一种不详、恐惧的感觉。 在这首诗中，玫瑰是一种美丽的自然事物，受到了虫子的侵害，她也可以是一种文学意义上的玫瑰，也就是传统意义上爱情的象征。虫子的形象类似于《圣经》中的毒蛇，同时也可以暗指阴茎像。虫子生活在大地上，它代表着死亡与衰退。这里的床不但象征了自然中的花床，同时也象征着爱人的床，玫瑰病了，这将意味着爱人也病了，然而玫瑰对此却一无所知。当然实际上的玫瑰是不可能知道自己病了，所以象征的重点就自然是指爱情并不知道它已经出了问题。因为虫子的破坏一方面看不见的，另一方面是因为它是晚上偷偷地来到了床上。 “ 深红色的欢乐 ” 不仅指性的快乐，而且指性的羞耻。因此玫瑰对于爱情欢乐的态度也就被我们文化中富于爱情的羞耻和隐秘所破坏。

在这首诗中也暗含了人类本性中的阴暗面，以及由此而来的死亡主题。玫瑰被很多因素所破坏 ——“ 看不见的虫子 ” 和 “ 狂吼的暴风雨” ，面对这些力量，玫瑰显得为力。 “ 深红色的欢乐 ” 或许是和人类的死亡所紧密联系的，指对于血的渴望。很多学者也认为这里的玫瑰指的是诗人居住的那条街上的 “ 玫瑰 ” 共和党， “ 看不见的虫子 ” 指在晚上在 “ 狂吼的暴风雨 ” 中透过墙壁传来的喧哗声 ——如果 “ 它发现了你的床，就回破坏你的生活 ” 。

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这首诗也指工业期间的英格兰，它正在被迅速发展的工业所破 “ 深红色的欢乐 ” 也可指爱情与激情。

同时这首诗也指所有的美都会遭到破坏，或者其自身也有破坏力。这提醒了我们所有的事物都有其两面性，爱情是欢乐的同时也是痛苦的，所有的生命都会走向死亡。

这首诗的另外一个解释就是，诗歌运用花园作生活和某种关系的隐喻。全诗给人的感觉是，连个人曾今充满了爱情，但是现在爱情已经 “ 病了 ” ， “ 虫子 ” 就是一个非常好的隐喻。

花园是美丽与和平的象征，这和两个爱人的关系极为相似。但是，在花园中总会有虫子伺机破坏美丽的爱情，这在现实中往往也是确实存在的。在两情相悦时，这种隐喻可以解释为相爱的一方对另一方的背叛与欺骗所带来的痛苦与心碎。

William Wordsworth

I wandered lonely as a Cloud

Still concerned in 1815, he attached a note to the poem in his first Collected Works. \"The subject of these stanzas,\" he asserted, \"is rather an elementary feeling and simple impression [...] upon the imaginative faculty, than an exertion of it\" (qtd. in Stillinger 539). Nevertheless, in the preface to the 1815 collection Wordsworth not only argues that the imagination is ruled by \"sublime consciousness\" (Stillinger 486), but he also places \"I Wandered\" among poems categorized by \"Imagination.\" Indeed, many critics ignore Wordsworth's comments on the poem and instead read it as representing a moment in nature of spiritual insight that recurs during a later imaginative re-creation (Joplin 68-69, Stallknecht 81-82, Hartman 5). More precisely, though, \"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud\" dramatizes an experience of the sublime in its first three stanzas, which the poet recollects and re-experiences as a \"spot of time\" in the last stanza. Unit 7

Pride and prejudice

Pride and Prejudice Theme of Love

Mr. Darcy’s first declaration of love for Elizabeth is a perfect illustration of how love functions in this novel: \"You must allow me to tell you how ardently I admire and love you [despite your awful family and your socially inferior

position].\" There are many obstacles on the road to love inPride and Prejudice, not the least of which are …pride and prejudice. But Jane Austen pens a happy ending, showing us that there’s something about love that enables it to overcome all the pride and prejudice that society throws in its way. Pride and Prejudice Theme of Marriage

In the world of Pride and Prejudice, marriage is a necessity (for women at least) – and a good marriage is like winning the lottery. Notice that we didn’t mention the l-word (that would be \"love\"). Marriage is celebrated in Pride and Prejudice as a goal in and of itself. Part of what makes Elizabeth, the protagonist, such an interesting character is her refusal to view marriage in those terms. Other characters show us alternate reasons for marrying: practicality, infatuation, etc. 中心思想

There are three main themes in the novel Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen. These themes are Love and Marriage, Good breeding and Social rank, and Moral belief and

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Behavior. These themes are present throughout the entire novel; they are the underlying motif of the story. It is widely recognized that these themes were the reason for Austen writing this book, she wanted to show and preserve how the upper classes lived in the Napoleonic era. She also wanted to; criticize how and why people married in those times, how the upper classes related to everyone else and how the values of Napoleonic English society shaped their society. Maybe her most ardent viewpoint is on the theme of Love and marriage.

Pride and prejudice is, first and formost, a novel about surmounting obstacles and achieving romantic happiness.

Themes :in the novel ,three kinds of attitude towards marriage are presented for manifestation: merely for material wealth and social position, merely for physical attraction, for true love with a consideration of the partner's personal merit as well as his economical and social status. what Austen tries to say is that it is wrong to marry without consideration of economic conditions 人物分析

Elizabeth : Elizabeth is the main character of the novel, and the story traces her changing impressions of other characters throughout the narrative. While at first she finds Wickham charming and Darcy proud, in the end she realizes that she has been blind and prejudiced, and that Darcy is the true gentleman while Wickham is not. About Elizabeth, Jane Austen wrote in a letter, \"I must confess that I think her as delightful a creature as ever appeared in print, and how I shall be able to tolerate those who do not like her at least I do not know.\"

Jane: Jane is the eldest Bennet daughter and is considered quite pretty by all. Her seeming indifference to Bingley initially drives him away from her (with the help of Darcy), but in the end the two are married. Elizabeth often wishes she could be as good and happy as Jane is, as Jane never thinks badly of anyone. Mr. Bennet : Mr. Bennet is the husband of Mrs. Bennet and the father of Elizabeth, Jane, Mary, Kitty and Lydia. He is the master of Longbourn. He has a sarcastic humor, and believes his two eldest daughters sensible, while he finds his wife and younger daughters silly.

Mrs. Bennet : Mrs. Bennet is the wife of Mr. Bennet and the mother of Elizabeth, Jane, Mary, Kitty and Lydia. Her main goal is to get her daughters married, and her only joys come from visiting and gossip. She often embarrasses Elizabeth and Jane, as she is not as sensible as her husband is. She is mean, eager to marry her daughters to rich young men.

Darcy has helped her sister and saved the face of her family. He is early condemned as proud in the novel, and indeed his behavior seems to suggest it, but after Elizabeth's refusal of him, he takes her reproofs to heart and tries to change. Elizabeth realizes that some of what had been seen as pride was rather shyness and realizes what a gentleman he is, and in the end, people's opinions of him are changing.

读书足以怡情，足以，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹、全局

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策划，则舍好学深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接；而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当。有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者羡读书，唯明智之士用读书，然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。读书时不可存心诘难作者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只须读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读，取其所作摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者，否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏、淡而无味矣。

读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。因此不常作笔记者须记忆特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩：凡有所学，皆成性格。人之才智但有滞碍，无不可读适当之书使之顺畅，一如身体百病，皆可借相宜之运动除之。滚球利睾肾，射箭利胸肺，慢步利肠胃，骑术利头脑，诸如此类。如智力不集中，可令读数学，盖演题须全神贯注，稍有分散即须重演；如不能辨异，可令读经院哲学，盖是辈皆吹毛求疵之人；如不善求同，不善以一物阐证另一物，可令读律师之案卷。如此头脑中凡有缺陷，皆有特药可医。

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