-豫誊 琵氅 奠强鞭 |秀蘸l;鬻臻誊 弦 蘩薯鹱黼 0ll ≯ 0 0 ; ll_l—l t l0l00l10l00 ≥ i ; 蔷 市李华峰 笔者一直被一个问题所困扰:从初中到 高中,学生积累了一定的词汇和语法知识, 经历了数次考试.学习也可谓勤奋,为何依 旧成效甚微,不该犯的错误却屡见不鲜。其 具体表现为:词汇方面词义范围不分。词性 不分,忽视搭配等:语法上主谓不一致,粘连 句,虚词错误等;语用上忽视语境,中英文一 对应等。在长期教学实践中,笔者终于找 到其症结所在——汉语固有的逻辑思维模 式。汉语作为一种东方语言,英语作为一种 西方语言.它们之间所蕴涵的逻辑思维有不 少差异。如对地址的表达,汉语的逻辑思维 是从大到小,如:某省某市某县某镇;而英语 的逻辑思维是从小到大,如:某镇某县某市 某省。认真分析的话,我们会发现:从简单的 词汇,到复杂的语句成分构成,再到地道的 语用.两种语言的逻辑思维不尽相同,正是 如此.从而导致了解题和语用中错误不断。 为此,经过探讨和总结,特将英语中常用的 几种逻辑思维模式总结如下,以期抛砖引 一(1)He,however,didn’t understand at all the theory Oil which I based my invention.(然 而,他对我据以作出我的发明的理论一窍不 通。) (2)Helen was much kinder to her youngest SOn than to the others,which,of course,made the others envy him.(海伦对她 小儿子比对其他孩子慈爱得多,当然这使其 他孩子嫉妒他。) 2.动宾分隔 It is better for you to take with you whatever you need most anytime.(你最好把 你最需要的任何东西都带走。) AU of US demanded of him whether he had heard from her recently.(我们大家都问 他最近是否收到她的来信。) 3 疆i分编 Einstein was in the eyes of a young friend,a simple,modest and ordinary man. (在青年朋友眼里,爱因斯坦是位纯朴,谦逊 的普通人。) 玉。 一、“分隔” 4 懿 There is no report to US of any accident. 分隔是指在本应紧紧相连的两个成分 或两个分旬之间,插入其它成分从而被隔开 的一种语序变动现象。分隔现象是英语和汉 语之间的一个显著区别,因此最容易干扰我 们对句意,文意的理解,打断正常的解题思 路。能起分隔作用的有短语(介词短语,分词 短语和不定式短语等),从句和附加成分(插 入语,同位语,成分等)。常见分隔方式 如下: (没有向我们作任何有关事故方面的报道。) 5.定谲姒句与先行诃分镉 The days are gone when we Chinese were bullied by the invaders.(中国人受侵略 者欺负的日子一去不复返了。) 问位语与先行词孺 The question sometimes comes to my mind whether it was worth the effort.(有时我 1.主谓分隔 会想到这样一个问题:是否值得花这么大力 气。) There is no doubt,in my opinion,that what matters is not one’S looks,but one’S in- tience can one master a foreign language.(方 式状语前移)一个人只有努力学习且有耐心 才能掌握一门外语。 Tom,as does his brother,studies hard. ner thoughts.(我深信,重要的不是一个人的 外表,而是他的内心。) 汤姆和弟弟一样学习努力。 7.Should both of as change into 2 but. terflies.we would fly away with the wind to— 介嘎国幅 I am not interested in.to tell the truth, this town and its people.(实话实说,我对这 座城市及城里人不感兴趣。) 二、“前移” 英文中,为了增强语言表达力,丰富表 gether.(条件状语前移) 三、“反说” 达思想,往往会打破常规,通常将宾语,宾语 补足语,主语补足语,状语等前移到句首,给 人一种突然的感觉。例如: 1.Upon the education of the people of this country the fate of this country depends. 英文中不难发现,当我们表达某种意义 时.有时不从正面着手,而是从反面或者侧 面人手进行阐述.笔者将其结构称为“正话 反说”: l0 显肯定麟knows.) Who does not know? (=Everybody Why not do some shopping?(=Let’S do some shopping.) (宾语前移)一个国家的命运决定于这个国 家全体国民所受的教育。 Her appearance all admired,while her personality few praised.大家都羡慕她长得 瀛 漂亮,但很少有人称赞她的个性。 Whatever trouble Mr.White had dealing with the case,he would stick to his own opin— 表苘蕞 There is no smoke without fire.无风不 起浪。 I cannot see the picture without thinking ion.无论史密斯先生在解决此事中有多大 麻烦,他都将坚持自己的观点。 2.A scandal I call it.(宾补前移)我把这 叫丑闻。 3.So angry was he that he couldn’t of my mother.每次见到这张相片我都会想 起我妈妈。 遍 稳 躲 You cannot be tOO careful while driving. speak a word.(表语前移)他如此生气以至于 句话也说不出来。 一Raining hard as it is,I’m going out for a 开车时.你越小心越好。 He cannot see you SOON enough.他想很 快见到你。 The impoaance cannot be over empha. watk.虽然天在下大雨,我还是要出去散步。 4.Here are some letters for you to type. (地点状语前移)这里有几封信要你给打印 出来 From the valley came a ti sized.其重要性再怎么强调也不为过。 4.not…until…“直到……才……”。 The bus didn’t leave until all the seats 从山谷传来叮叮的驼铃声。 5.To sleep late in the morning.he were taken.直到车上坐满了乘客.汽车才开 走。 Not until he failed did he realize what switched off the alarm O’clock.(目的状语前 移)为了早上晚起,他关掉了闹钟。 Rather than take a bus,he prefers to go mistakes he had made.直到失败了他才明白 所犯的错误是什么。 to walk on foot.他宁愿步行去上班也不愿乘 坐公交。 、 6.Only by hard study and much pa一 47 缀便 词的原级 I regret to tell you her English is no bet- ,强警 。 一鬈 — 口 氡: ∞ l 船 l _一一|j罄i ≯ l 0§ f 豁““ 粕,“i I :专 | :l l i _甏 l l鼍| j=一-l 螽t 豁季 鑫 , ; 摹 辫蔷t1i t★ ; 。t ● ,・ 0tiI 露。j l 豁瑟j ; 薅 ter than yours.很遗憾,她的英语和你一样 差。 l hicle.这只猴子最出色的表演是学开拖拉 机。到9岁时,它已学会独自驾驶拖拉机了。 mal和vehicle代替上文的 否定 一}譬斌f=晒皎ll} 通堍 (第二句用anilmonkey和tractor,虽前者意义宽泛,但在特 七 专 皱 熏巷瓿l l can’t agree more.我完全同意。 Nothing is more important than knowl— 定的上下文中不会引起误解.而且行文也显 得活泼了。) edge.知识最重要。 1・|.I 谪i -)+V+ aIl十 赫 ■ --级 !ng 訇 3. 电朗省鹘避彘重匡复 ①He spoke for the first motion and a. gainst the second.(the second=the second motion)(省略名词) We have never seen a more interesting ②Some books are to be tasted,others are)to be swallowed.and some few are)t0 iflm than this one.这是我们看过的最有趣的 电影。 8 (1)一What did you say? 一be chewed and digest.书有可浅尝者。有可 囫囵吞枣者,少数则需咀嚼消化。(省略动 词) So you weren’t listening to me. ⑦The WTO cannot live up t0 its name if it doesn’t include a country that is home to ⑧Robert seemed angry,and George certainly was(angry).罗伯特似乎生气了, 而乔治肯定是生气了。(省略形容词) one fifth of mankind.如果世贸组织不包括 个拥有世界人口五分之一的国家,那它就 一④I didn’t notice it until too late.(= until it was too late.)等我注意这事时,已经 太晚了。(省略从句) 五、“平行结构” 平行结构指的是相同的语法结构,它要 名不副实。 ③Nowhere else in the world can there be such a quiet,beautiful place 四、“避免重复” 避免用词重复是英语句子的又一大特 点。主要是通过使用代词,同义词,近义词和 省略等手段来避免重复的。从词类角度看, 重复的多是名词,动词和形容词这些实词, 而词义较抽象的代词。介词,助动词等虚词 则不怕重复.可谓“避实就虚”。受汉语表达 习惯的影响.中学生在表达时,常不自觉地 求有同等重要的思想、概念,并列的句子成 分要用同类的语法形式来表达,要用并列连 词连接。平行结构是一种修辞手法,它可以 使句子前后保持平衡和协调,从而增加语言 的连贯性。如: Fishing is his favorite hobby,and—. —A.he’d like to collect coins as well B.he feels like collecting coins.too 加上不必要的修饰语,这点虽符合汉语的表 达习惯,但译成英文。则既累赘,又失表达的 准确。如“请给我们多提宝贵意见”,译文不 必说:Please give US your valuable opinions C.to collect coins is also his hobby D.collecting coins also gives him great pleasure 此题考查平行结构.and连接两个以动 (valuable多余)。正确的说法是:Your opin— ions will be appreciated.具体如下: 1. 用代词避免重复 Can you mend this chair?I broke it yes. 名词作主语的平行分句,前一分句是“主语 +系动词+表语.后一分句是“主语+谓语 +宾语”,构成平行结构。正确答案为D。 平行结构常常使用并列连词,如and, but,or,neither…riot,either…or,not only‘・・ terday. 2.但糊义词避免萤匡复 The monkey’S extraordinary performance was learning to operate a tractor.By the age of nine,the animal had learned to drive a ve. but also,not…but等,我们在使用这些并列 连词时要注意它们所连接的应该是名词和 名词,副词和副词,分词和分词,不定式和不 定式,动词对动词,句子和句子等,而不能其 48 中一个概念用分词结构表达,而另一个概念 用不定式或从句来表达。比如下面两个句子 就违反了平行结构的准则: Do some nice things for your parents that they don’t expect,like cooking,doing the Some books are to be tasted,others to be swallowed,and some few to be chewed and digested.(Francis Bacon)有些书是应当尝 尝滋味的,有些书是应当吞食下去的,有少 数书则应当咀嚼和消化的。 On the other hand.40%think that fees should be charged because you need money to pay gardeners and other workers,and to buy dishes,washing clothes,or clean the floors. “做饭”、“刷碗”、“洗衣服”、“拖地”在本 句中应为并列结构,故应用相同的语法形 式,都用动名词,所以应将clean改为clean— ing。 ②Mr.Johnson was young,energetic, and having interest in many activities. plants and young trees.另一方面.40%的同 学认为应收门票,他们认为门票费可以作为 支付园林工人及其他工作人员的工资和购 买新花木的费用。 这个句子中的三个表语具有相同的语 法功能,都是说明主语的,应该放在相同的 结构中,都用形容词。因此,应该把having interest in many activities改为interested in many activities。 6 戳 渊§ We went to the museum by bike instead 0f by bus.我们骑自行车而不是坐汽车去博 物馆。 Studies serve for delight,for ornament, 平行结构有下面几种常见形式: and for ability.读书使人愉悦,使人高雅.使 人聪慧。 名词 拓鸯彗鞠 The patient’S symptoms were fever, 镬辩甄嘶 巷 dizziness,and headache.病人的症状是发 烧、头晕和头痛。 Early to go to bed and early to rise May you keep fit.study well and work hard.祝你身体好。学习好,工作好。 豁整晦 藩 零行 Should the wallet,found in the street,be put into a pocket or turned over to the police— man?Should the extra change received at the store be forgotten or returned?Nobody will makes a man healthy。wealthy and wise.早睡 _ 早起使人健康、富有、聪明。 The work is handsomely and skillfully 一ll done.这项工作做得漂亮,有水平。I瓣 囊 构 0llll The boys were running,shouting and . know except you.在大街上捡到的钱包是装 。一 0 嚣 laughing.男孩子们一边跑,一边喊叫着、笑 着。 The old man returned home,disappoint— 进自己的口袋里还是应该交给?商店多 找给我们的零钱是被忘掉还是应该被归还? 这些除了你自己之外谁也不会知道。 六、“主句唯一” 一 1. 蓬 测 ed and exhausted.老人回到了家里精疲力 竭,非常失望。 英语为“树式结构”.即任何一个句子中 有且只能有一个主句。就如同一棵树,主干 -l・・●・・。-・・I・-_.I.●・-.I-・●・・.-・・●・・。-・・●,・¨・t●・・…・●・ .tt● 矗.,・ I“・t “ -l●・ .・・l-。。-,・Il¨_ 。・●・. -.・h・¨.-●-¨-,・●・。十,。・●¨“--●I-. .・●...,。・●・t...・l・t“¨●・。。1 道两分句间的逻辑关系。但要是英文,则可 以理解为多种逻辑关系,如“如果你不做,我 做”;“因为你不做,所以我做”;“既然你不 做。那么我做”;“即使你不做,我也做”等。因 此,这点也是中学生英语学习中,因受汉语 思维模式的影响。而最容易m错的地方。故 解题时,需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句 子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对 不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中问有并列 连接词进行联系 例1:Ahhough he is considered a great writer,——c }}{现谓语,只能用非谓语.现在分词表主动, A.his works are not widely read B.but his works are not widely read C.however his works are not widely read D.still his works are not widely read 过去分词表被动,本题Lt常用品是被买,所 以答案选B。句意:“网上购买日常用品价格 比到店里购买要低”。 例2:The secretary worked Rate into the night,——【分析】:although是连词后加主谓宾,是 从句:根据主句专一原则,B C都是由连词 but,however引导,所以不能选,不然就两个 a long speech for the president. (1991) A.to prepare B.preparing 从句无主句。still用于肯定句和疑问句中, 而本句是否定句,要用vet并且也只能用于 句尾使用才可以,所以本题正确答案是A, 句意为:“尽管他被认为是一个伟大的作家, 他的作品并未被普遍地研读”。 例2:You should make it a rule to leave things————————————C.prepared D.was preparing 【分析】:根据谓语专一原则,迅速排除 CD,因为本题已有谓语worked所以不能再 出现谓语,而C prepared带了后边的宾语a long speech所以不是过去分词,即不是非淆 语,所以选B。旬意为:“秘书 作到很晚,为 you can find them again. A.when B.where C.then D.there 【分析】:根据主句专一原则,迅速排除 CD,因为本题有两套主谓必须一主句一从 句 从句要有连词,而CD不是连词,where地 点连词。所以选B。句意:你应该把东西放在 你可以找到的地方作为一个规则。 总裁准备一份长篇的演讲”。 以上浅析了六种英语语言常用的逻辑 思维模式,其目的是为了帮助中学生朋友纠 正错误,更好理解和使用英语。研究表明,只 有通过大量的目的语输入,才能减少或克服 2.谓语动词专_原则 任何一个句子有且只能有一个谓语动 词。句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多 母语的干扰程度。希望读者能将 上思维融 人平时英语的学习和使用中,及时发现错 误。改正错误,从而彻底杜绝错误,以全面提 高自己的英文水平。 一试身手: 于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词),如 果再出现动词,一般以非谓语的形式存在, 分陶: 1.Later in this chapter case will be in. troduced to readers consumer con1 或将其降为从句谓语。 例1:Prices of daily goods A.are bought C.buy through plaints have resulted in changes in the law. A where B when C who D which a computer can be lower than store prices. B.bought D.buying 2.A warm thought suddenly Canle to me I might use the pocket money to buv some flowers for my mother’S birthday. A if B when C that D which 【分析】:根据谓语专一原则,迅速排除 AC.因为本题已有谓语can be所以不能再 ●’’‘ t‘●‘‘。 。‘●’… ‘¨ }‘’ ‘ … ‘f‘‘¨ ’¨ ‘‘¨‘。簟| ¨ ’¨ ¨¨‘ ’¨。 ¨ 蕾l’"‘。 … 《 … ‘ ’¨‘‘.軎‘¨ ‘ ’¨‘ ‘¨。‘ ¨。 ●’ … ‘“¨ 孽薯 :| 薯 强 暑誊 每《 ■ 0 “ 臻 ~ 嘶 赣链|誊鬻 尊i誊_一 |。 一| ≯|簟 臻誊 -||瓣 霉l‘ .。;.’ I ・。 ‘ H ;. : ¨lI' -t蠢 I’l 。 It I¨l “’l- .I1’・・。II 1II - I-菇 t・;.’.§ ; t{ ・l;; ‘l| l ・¨-“ ・t÷ ・ I ‘d・。。ti褥3.What rang Liwei wanted to do when D much bigger than ours he got out of the spaceship was the 避免重复: 12.一j0y with all the Chinese. A share C having shared B shared D about to share ——What do you think of the plan? It’s easier said than. A carried out it B carrying out D to carry out 4.Being checked twice a year,is a car,a bus a C carry out truck,is the rule 13.I’m going to the countryside because in this city. that every driver must obey A either,or B neither,nor the air there is much fresher than the city. A one B one C that D it in C whether,or D not only,but also , -前移 much surprised to find 5.Mr.Smith was the watch he had had be seen. was nowhere to cause us some health prob— 14. Cars do 1ems-.-—— in flact far more serious mobile phones do. A one B carrying out D to carry out was B ones C it D those than A carried out C carry out 主句唯一: 15.The policeman came up to the lone— ly house with the door there 6.The most of his time he what he spared from his playing time. A made to learning B took to learn a while and then entered it f0r A open,to stand C open,stood ’ B opening,stood D opened,standing C took to learning D made to learn 7 time and labor,cartoonists generally draw the hands of their characters with only 3 fingers and a thumb. A To save 1 6.Heat does not travel by convection (对流)in solid,because the solid does not move, B Saved D Having saved it to work out the A so does a liquid B so a liquid does C as does a liquid D so is a liquid 17.There are lots of places of interest in our city. ———C Saving 8.So difficult A I did find C I have found to ask Tom for advice. problem that I decided B did I find D have I found A needs repaiing rB needing repaired C needed repairing D needing to be repaired 反说: 9.Bob ran the 100 meters in 9.92 sec. onds,and I have not seen——A the best C the most this year. 平行结构: 1 8.It’s generally true that the lower the stock markets falls, A the higher the gold price raises B higher the price of gold rises B better D more 10.一It’s a long time since I saw my sister. her this weekend? C the higher the price of gold rises D higher the gold price raises Keys:1-5 ACACA 6—10 DABBC A Why not visiting B Why not to visit C Why not visit D Why don’t visit 1 1.We thought their house to be very but it’s big, . A just big as ours B no bigger than ours C less bigger than ours 51 ! t・ ・・t| tt‘ ・・ I・‘ |・ t・ , I#‘’l | I・‘| l‘ ・ 冀 ・ | I ‘ ¨‘ l’||5 薯!‘警 ! ”‘ l‘‘ 一| -¨| ¨ ! ‘