2. Fragmentary Sentences 3. Faulty parallelism 4. Misplaced Modifiers 5. Dangling modifiers
Run-on sentence串句
A Run-On sentence incorrectly runstogether two independent clauses without a conjunction or punctuation.
串句就是错误地将两个独立的分句（两套独立的主谓结构）串在一起，不用连词或标点，误将两个串在一起的句子当成一个句子。
串句有两种形式:一种是用逗号隔开,也叫“逗号误接句（comma splices）”即以一个逗号把两个独立的句子连接起来。另一种什么标点符号都没有使用。 例: 原句：× The exam was postponed the class was cancelled as well.
修改：The exam was postponed, and the class was cancelled as well.
原句：× They planned to take a trip for their summer vacation, they were not able to save enough money.
修改：They planned to take a trip for their summer vacation, but they were not able to save enough money.
修改串句有四种方法:
a)用句号将其分成两个句子，即在两个意思之间插入句号和大写字母
b)用并列连词（and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet）连接两个句子，连词之前加逗号 c)用分号连接两个句子
d)用从属连词把一个分句化为从句，修饰或限定主句。
注意：在校正这类型的错误时，首先要分清每句的主语、谓语和宾语，其次要弄清两句中间的副词或副词词组属于哪句，最后分开串句。
如：The local tire plant shut down for the holiday as a result everyone had two weeks off. 要选择最佳的方法修改串句:
(1)首先选逗号加并列连词，用于两句之间有逻辑关系的句子；
(2)其次选择分号，用于两句中有表示连接关系的副词或副词词组时或后句是前句的说明时；(3)最后考虑句号，用于两句没有逻辑关系或角度表化等情况。 1. The exam was postponed the class was canceled as well.
2. I took lots of vitamin C however, I still came down with the flu. 3. Rita dicided to stop smoking she didn't want to die of lang cancer. 构成句子的基本条件：
一、在书写上表现为大写字母开头句号结尾；
二、是在结构上表现为在大写字母和句号之间要有完整的主谓结构，且每一个单词或短语在句子中都有自己的归属；三是在意义上必须是完整的。以上三点缺一不可，否则，就是破句。
Fragmentary Sentences破句
Types
•1）从属连词引出的破句Dependent-word fragments。
从属连词例如after，unless，even（even though/even if），since，before，when，
（whenever），because，if，who，while，as，which，although，though，so，where，until，that等,不能单独引导独立的句子，它们引导的句子必须要依靠另一个主句。
修改办法：使其与前面或后面的句子相结合，使其从属于某一个主句。 •2）ing分词和不定式引起的破句-ing and to fragments 。
修改办法：将ing分词融合到相邻的句子中，或是为其加上一个主语，将ing变为动词的某种形式。
•3）增加细节引起的破句Added-detail fragments 。这样的破句缺乏主语或是动词。
经常以下面这些词引出：for example， also， except， such as， including， especially. 修改办法：给破句增加主语和动词。
•4）缺少主语引起的破句Missing-subject fragments。
修改办法：将破句和相邻的前句结合或是增加一个主语。
a）dependent-word fragment (从句被当作完整句子)
How to correct?
• To attach the dependent sentences to the previous or following main statement, in other words, combine two independent sentences into a complex sentence. • Eliminate the dependent words (subordinating conjunctions ） Example: After I arrived in Chicago by bus. I checked into a hotel.
b) –ing and to fragments (分词短语、不定式短语被当作完整句子) How to correct?
•Attach the fragment to the sentence that comes before or after it. If this rule does not work, try it in next way.
•Add a subject and change the –ing or –to verb part to the correct form of the verb or change “being” to the correct form of the verb “be”(am, is, are, was, were). Example:
Feeling very confident. I began my speech.
I plan on working overtime. To get this job finished.
c) added-detail fragments(同位语被当作完整句子) How to correct?
•Attach the fragment to the complete thought that precedes it.
•Add a subject or a verb to the fragment to make it a complete sentence.
•Change words as necessary to make the fragment part of the preceding sentence. Example: That is Mr. Smith. The principal of Summit High School.
d) missing-subject fragment(具有相同主语的并列句的第二分句被当作完整句子) How to correct?
• Attach the fragment to the previous sentence.
• Add a subject to the fragment and make it a complete sentence. Example:
Tom went to the refrigerator to get milk for breakfast. And found only a table-spoon of milk left.
Faulty parallelism(平行结构错误) 平行结构是把两个或两个以上的意思并列的成分用同等的语法形式表达出来。所谓意思上 并列，其实质就是在句中充当相同的句子成分；所谓同等的语法形式，相同词性的单词或是相同语法结构的短语或句子。也就是说，在同一个句子中，如果两部分做的是相同的句子成分，那么，这两部分内容必须是词性相同的单词或结构相同的短语或句子。判断一个平行结构是否正确，一是看它们在句中所做的成分是否一样，二是看它们的语法结构是否相同，二者缺一不可；否则，就破坏了平行结构。平行结构可以是单词、词组、从句、也可以是句子。 下面的几个句子就犯了平行结构的错误：
1)原句：I was told to report to the manager and that I should bring the documents. 修改：I was told to report to the manager and to bring the documents.
2)原句：James Joy’s Ulysses, a long and complicated novel and which is on our reading list, has been banned by the school board. 修改：James Joy’s Ulysses, which is a long and complicated novel and which is on our reading list, has been banned by the school board.
3)原句:Our new car not only is more economical but also it is more comfortable than our old one.
修改：Our new car is not only more economical but also more comfortable than our old one. 4)原句：When we arrived home, we unpacked our suitcases, took showers, and then we went to sleep after eating our lunch.
修改：When we arrived home, we unpacked our suitcases, took showers, ate our lunch and went to sleep.
5)原句：He always has and always will compete for the highest honor.
修改：He has always competed and always will compete for the highest honor. 6)原句：The students attending our school are more intelligent than your school.
修改：The students attending our school are more intelligent than the students attending your school.
7)原句：His English is much better than I.
修改：His English is much better than mine / that of mine.
这里要注意几个十分容易犯的错误。
1. The faulty caused by coordinating conjunction
(and, or, not only„but also, either„or, neither„nor, both„and, and so on)并列连词和对等连词
Examples: He had made his speech clear and logical and skillfully.
A man can be judged not only by what he said but also (by) his deed. The speech is neither too long nor it is too short.
2.The faulty caused by a series of parallels: 系列平行结构的实质：【A】，，，，【B】，，，，【C】，，，，„.. , and 【Z】. 的结构。
Examples:
She was charming, intelligent and a very capable young woman.
When we arrived home, we unpacked our suitcases, took showers, and then we went tosleepafter finishing our lunch.
3.The faulty caused by incorrect omissions
He always has and always will compete for the highest honor.
He always has competed and always will compete for the highest honor.
主语及时态一致，可合为并列谓语句。若不一致，把动词和其前面的助词分别搭配即可。 We have great faith and high hope for her. We have great faith in and high hope for her.
答题技巧：以连词为界，将其拆分成两个独立的句子，其中必有一句是错句。将其改正后再把它们合并即可。
如： We have great faith for her.(×) (in) We have high hope for her. 4.The faulty caused by comparison
Peter wanted a job rather than to apply for welfare. His learning is as extensive as Paul.
College students in China are more excellent than America.
Misplaced Modifiers(错置修饰语) • Misplaced modifiers are words or words groups that, because of their awkward or wrong placement, do not describe the words the writer intended them to describe. It often confuse the meaning of the sentence.
错置修饰语指的是因为修饰语的位置不正确而导致的句子错误,因此,应将修饰成分放在尽可能靠近被修饰成分的位置。修饰语指的是句子中的状语和定语，因而，错置修饰语的毛病就体现在错置状语和错置定语上。
例：
1) 原句：The story attracted readers’ eyes on the cover of the magazine. 修改：The story on the cover of the magazine attracted readers’ eyes.
2) 原句：Mother returned the hamburger to the super market that was spoilt. 修改： Mother returned the hamburger that was spoilt to the super market.
一、错置状语
He killed a mosquito that stung him with a newspaper.
We could see the Lotus in the river driving across the bridge. 状语在句子中是用来修饰动词的，且在句中的位置常常是句首或句尾，如果在一个句子出现了两个或是两个以上的动词，要确保状语离它所修饰的词越近越好。对于一些有歧义的状语，也许句首是它的最佳位置。 二、错置定语
Bill yelled at the howling dog in his underwear.
Many large department stores issue credit cards to their customers which can be used to make purchases at a particular store.
I read the book on the bus which did not interest me at all. 在定语和被修饰的词之间，不允许有任何的其他成分插入，即：定语应该紧靠被修饰的词。我们可以通过用调整语序，拿
开插入成分等方法来达到这一目的。
Dangling modifiers(垂悬修饰语) 垂悬修饰语:即修饰语在句子中找不到逻辑上修饰的对象，这是中国学生经常犯的一种语误。 常见的有一下五种: 垂悬分词短语、垂悬动名词短语、垂悬不定式短语、垂悬介词短语、垂悬省略句；
常用改进方法有两种：
一、明确动作的实施者，使主语成为悬垂部分修饰的对象； 二、将省略句或是垂悬词组扩展为从句。 例：
1) 原句：After three hours of practice, a large mug of beer was what the thirsty dancers wanted.
修改：After three hours of practice, the thirsty dancers wanted a large mug of beer.
2) 原句：To attain high marks in computer science, many hours of practice should be spent on the computer terminal.
修改：To attain high marks in computer science, a student should spend many hours of practice on the computer terminal.
A)悬垂分词、动名词(-ingand -ed phrases)
Looking out of the window, the grassland stretches as far as the eyes can reach． On entering the classroom, the students stood up and said, \"Good morning!\"
改正可以有多种方法，但最常用的是两种：
一、明确动作的实施者，使主语成为悬垂部分修饰的对象； 二、将省略句或是分词词组扩展为从句。
另外的两种方法也是可以考虑的：给垂悬的分词加逻辑主语或 --ing变–ed, 使之于主语相一致,让主语成为其逻辑主语。
B)悬垂不定式(infinitive phrases)
To get ready for the trip, all the things she needed were put into a suitcase．
To become a first-class student, many dedication and perseverance are necessary. To write well, the article must be habitually revised. 改正可以有两种方法：
一、改变句子的主语，使主语成为使修饰语的逻辑主语； 二、把修饰语变为独立、完整的从句
C)悬垂介词短语(prepositional phrases)
Once out of the room, the books no longer gave him a headache.
After four weeks at sea, my wife was happy to see me.
Before summiting any written work, careful proofreading(校对) must be done. 改正可以有两种方法：
一、改变句子的主语，使主语成为使修饰语的逻辑主语； 二、是把修饰语变为独立、完整的从句
D)悬垂省略结构(elliptical clauses)
When on the top floor of the tall building, the cars looked like tiny fish in the stream. Although tired and hungry, the boss would not let us rest.
While under the influence of the alcohol, a car should not be driven. 改正可以有两种方法：
一、改变句子的主语，使主语成为使修饰语的逻辑主语； 二、把修饰语变为独立、完整的从句
E)现实中的悬垂结构
There are a few set phrases often used to modify whole sentences, like \"to be frank,\" \"generally speaking,\" \"judging by ...,\" and \"speaking of ....\" They look like dangling modifiers but they are not.
Judging by what the newspapers have said, his latest play is quite successful. To be frank, he is not the right man for this important job.
We have to study many courses: Chinese, English, maths, physics, chemistry, history, geography, just to name a few.
Judging from what he said, he must be an honest man. Generally speaking, women cry more easily than men. Allowing for his age, he was sent to safer place
因篇幅问题不能全部显示，请点此查看更多更全内容