一、句子成分
主 谓 宾 表 定 状 补 1.主语——“是什么”或“是谁”。在句首。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当:
(1)Lucy is a beautiful nurse. (名词作主语) (2)He reads newspapers every day. (代词作主语) (3)Smoking is harmful to the health. (动名词作主语)
(4)To swim in Kunming Lake is a great pleasure.(不定式作主语) (5)What we should do is not yet decided. (主语从句作主语)
2.谓语——“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”。 在主语后面。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致:
(1)His parents are teachers. (系动词和表语一起作谓语) (2)We study hard. (行为动词作谓语)
(3)We don’t finish reading the book. (助动词和行为动词一起作谓语) (4)He can speak English. (情态动词和行为动词一起作谓语)
3.宾语——动作、行为的对象。一般在谓语(及物动词)之后。由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任: (1)She is doing her homework now.(名词作宾语) (2)She says(that)she is ill.(宾语从句作动词宾语) (3)We often help him.(代词作宾语)
(4)He likes to play basketball.(不定式作宾语)
(5)We enjoy listening to the music. 我们喜欢听音乐。(动名词短语作宾语) ★宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。(双宾) (1)通常:“前间后直”
间接宾语指人 直接宾语指物 可跟双宾的动词 give show(给……看) bring pass buy ★Your teacher tells us a story. ★The sun gives us light. (2)“前直+“to”或“for”+后间”
“前直+“to” +后间” give, show, send, bring, read, pass, lend, leave, hand, tell, return, write, throw, promise(答应), refuse(拒绝)等 “前直+“for”+后间” make, buy, do, get, play, order(命令), sing, pay等 练一练
(1)I give him a book. 改成: (2)He passes me the book.(他将书递给我。) 改成: (3)He writes me a letter. 改成: (4)He will buy me some books. 改成: (5)She is making me a cake. 改成: 4. 表语——“是什么”或者“怎么样”。 在系动词后面。由名词、形容词、副词、介词、不定式及相当于名词或形容词或短语来担任。 (1)I am a teacher.(名词) (2)He is always happy.(形容词)
(3)They are on the playground now.(介词短语) (4)It gets cold.(形容词)
Be动词(am,is,are, was, were) 系动词 表保持(keep, stay, remain) 表改变(get, become, turn)
感官动词(feel,sound(听起来),seem/look(看起来),taste(尝起来),smell) Eg:It sounds interesting.(sound为系动词,interesting为表语)
We should all remain careful.(remain为系动词, careful为表语)
5.定语——修饰名词或代词的。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不等式或相当于形容词的词或短语等作定语: ★一个词+需修饰的名词:
Eg: The black bike is mine.(形容词) What’s your name?(代词) They make paper flowers.(名词)
★不定代词(nothing, anything, everything, something等)+定语 Eg: I tell him something interesting. He has something to do. ★名词+短语或从句 Eg: The boys in the room are in Class Four.
6.状语——修饰动词、形容词、副词。(时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等),一般由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。 Eg: He did it carefully.(副词) We often help him.(副词)
Her mother goes out to do some shopping on Sunday.(介词短语) When I grow up, I am going to be a teacher.(从句作时间状语) He sits there.(副词地点状语)
7.宾语补足语——补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征的成分。名词、形容词、副词、介词短语以及动词不定式、分词等可用作宾语补足语。宾语+语补足语=复合宾语。
Eg: They make her happy.(形容词) I see her dance.(不定式)
We’ll help you to make the Olympics a success.(名词) Please let him in.(副词)
二、五种简单句 主+谓(不及物动词) The sun rises. 太阳升起来。 The car stopped. 小汽车停下来了。 主+谓(及物动词)+宾 I love my country. He helps me. I like action movies. I buy a book. 主+系+表 Her brother is a driver. We feel happy. It gets dark.天黑了。 Tom looks ill. 主+谓(及物动词)+直宾+间宾 He gives Tom a present. Mother make a new dress for me. 主+谓(及物动词)+宾+宾补 They call her Mary. She always makes us laugh. We make our classroom clean and tidy. 课后练习:
一、找出下面要求的句子成分。 1. 挑出下列句中的宾语
① My brother doesn't do his homework. A B C D ② People all over the world speak English. A B C D 2. 挑出下列句中的表语 ① The old man is feeling very tired. A B C D ② Why is he worried about Jim? A B C D 3. 挑出下列句中的定语
① They use Mr. Mrs. with the family name. A B C D
② What is your given name? A B C D 4. 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语
① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. A B C D ② He asks her to take the boy out of school. A B C D 5. 挑出下列句中的状语 ① There is a big smile on her face. A B C D
② Every night he heard the noise upstairs. A B C D 6. 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语 ① Please tell us a story.
② My father bought a new bike for me last week.
感叹句
一、知识点梳理 1. 感叹句的定义
感叹句是一种表示强烈感情的句式,能表达喜悦、愤怒、悲哀、惊奇、厌恶和赞赏的思想感情。
What a beautiful flower it is! (表示赞赏)多漂亮的花啊! What nonsense! (表示愤怒)胡说!
How strange they are! (表示惊奇)多奇妙呀! 2. 感叹句:What引导
以what开头的感叹句的结构模式:What + (a/an) + 形容词 + 名词 + (主语 + 谓语) + !
What beautiful roses (they are)! 多么美丽的玫瑰花呀! What a lovely day (it is)! 多好的天气呀! What a clever boy (he is)! 多么聪明的孩子! 3. 感叹句:How引导
以how开头的感叹句的结构模式:
How + 形容词/副词+(主语 + 谓语)+ !
How + 形容词+(a/an)+ 名词 +(主语 + 谓语) + ! How blue the sky is! 天空多么蓝啊! How clever he is! 他多么聪明呀! How quickly you walk! 你走得多快呀!
How smart a boy he is! 他是多么聪明的一个男孩啊! 4. 感叹句:疑问句形式
有些感叹句采用一般疑问句的形式表示,以否定词开头,标点符号用感叹号,在口语中用降调。
Aren't you working hard! 你干得多么起劲哪! Didn't she sing well! 她唱得真好! 5. 感叹句:陈述句形式
陈述句只要改变原来的语调,即可构成感叹句。 It was such a nice party! 那是多么好的聚会呀!
The garden looks so lovely today! 今天花园显得多么可爱呀! The house is on fire! 房子着火啦! 6. 感叹句:单词,短语
感叹句有时可以用单词或短语表达。
Fire! 着火啦!Good heavens! 天哪!Listen! 听!Look! 看!
感叹句巧解:感叹句要看后面,即看形容词后的东东,
1) 若形容词后紧跟可数名词单数,就用what a/an;是不可数名词或可数名词复数,只用what。
2)若形容词后后紧跟a/an/the/my/your/this/that/Tom’s等等乱七八糟的东西,想都不用想,直接用how就OK了。如:
例句1:What a good boy he is! 他是个多么好的男孩啊! / \\ 形容词 单数名词
例句2:What good boys they are! 他们是多么好的男孩啊! / \\ 形容词 复数名词
例句3:What cold weather it is! 多么冷的天气啊! / \\ 形容词 不可数名词
例句4:How good the boy is! 这男孩多好啊! / \\ 形容词 乱糟糟
★★★ 若没有形容词,而出现副词或是句子,直接用how. 例:How well he plays the guitar! 他吉他弹得多好啊! /
副词 (what不可以修饰副词,看到副词直接用how) 1)How time flies! 2)How fast Liu Xiang runs 打油诗一首: 感叹句往后看 形容词后是名单 就用what a或what an 形后若是不可数或名复数 只用what就可以 形容词后乱糟糟 只写how就OK了
祈使句
一、知识点梳理
(一)祈使句的句式特征
1.对对方的劝告、叮嘱、请求或命令等。 2.句中一般没有主语。
3.在前或句末可加上please,以使句子的语气更加缓和或客气。 4.一般没有时态的变化,也不能与情态动词连用。 如:Keep off the grass!勿踩草地!
Put the boxes in the small room.把那些盒子放到那个小房间里。 (二)祈使句的肯定句式
1.肯定句式一般分为以下三种类型: 行为动词原形+其它成分。例如:
Make sentences after the model.根据例句造句。
Be动词+其它成分(形容词、名词或介词短语等)。例如: Be careful when crossing the street.过马路时要小心。 Let+宾语+动词原形+其它成分。例如: Let him go back now.让他现在回去吧。
(三)祈使句的否定句式(通常情况下在句首加上Don’t或Never),一般分四种类型:
1.在肯定句前加Don’t,构成Don’t+行为动词原形+其它成分,例如: Don’t say that again!别再那样说了!
2.在Be动词引起的肯定祈使句前加Don’t,构成Don’t be+其它成分(形容词、名词或介词短语等),例如: Don’t be careless.不要粗心。
be动词不能省略;否定副词not不可置于be之后。 3. Let引起的祈使句的否定形式有两种:
(1)Let开头的祈使句,若后面跟第一、第三人称名词或代词的宾格,可在Let前加Don’t,也可在Let后宾格
的名词或代词后面加not。
Don’t let me go with her tomorrow. =Let me not go with her tomorrow.不要让我明天跟她一起去。
(2)如果以Let’s开头的祈使句,必须在Let’s后加not。例如:
Let’s not tell her the truth whenever we meet her.无论什么时候我们碰到她,都不要告诉她。
4.在公共场合的提示语中,否定祈使句常用No+名词/V-ing形式结构,表示『禁止做某事』。例如:
NO PHOTOS!禁止拍照! 课后练习 一、选择填空。
1. _______ fast the boy ran!
A. How B. How an C. What D. What an 2. _______ well you sing but _______ badly he dances! A. How, how B. What, what C. How, what D. What, how
3. ________ delicious the soup is! I’d like some more.
A. How B. How an C. What D. What an 4. _______ fools they were! They believed what the man said. A. How B. How an C. What D. What an 5. _______ foolish they were! They believed what the man said. A. How B. How an C. What D. What an 二、将以下祈使句改为否定式:
1. Come here early. 2. Ask him. 3. Please wait for her. 4. Read the book carefully. 5. Sit under the tree, please. 6. Let’s go there together. 二、选择填空:
1. If you are tired, ______ a rest.
A. have B. having C. to have D. had 2. ______ me go. It is very important for me. A. Do let B. let do C. Doing let D. To do let 3. He is not honest. ______ believe him. A. Not B. Don’t C. To not D. Not to 4. If you want to stay, let me know, ______? A. will you B. shall we C. do you D. do we 5. Never come late again, ______? A. will you B. won’t C. do you D. does he
6. _____ up early tomorrow, or you can’t catch the train. A. Getting B. Get C. To get D. Got 7. _____ in the street. It’s dangerous. A. Not play B. Not to play C. Don’t play D. Don’t to play 8. Please ______ me some money, will you? A. lend B. lending C. to lend D. be lend
9. The film is about to begin. Please ______ seated. A. be B. are C. is D. being 10. _____ the boxes. You may use them later. A. Keep B. Keeping C. To keep D. Kept
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