交通运输专业英文

交通运输专业英文

【篇一：交通运输工程培养计划(英文版)】

educational plan for professional master degree program in transportation engineering major

(code: 085222conferengineering master degree)

ieducational targets

a) be equipped with strong engineering background; to grasp the basic research methods and

skills; to have a certain capability to solve practical problems. b) to be proficient in a foreign language.

c) to have practical, realistic, and scientific learning attitude and work style. d) to have capability to do the related work in the field.

iiresearch orientations

a) b) c) d) e) f)

road engineering

traffic control theory and application

transportation planning theory and application

design, organization and monitoring of the regional transport system design and operation management of the public transport system transport economics and policies

iiieducational mode and duration

the number of school years for a master student to get degree is 2.training method istotally off-job, combined by course study, specialized internship and thesis.

ivcredit requirement and allocation

a master student must take 32 credits of coursesat least, including 18 credits of degree courses at

vcurriculum and credit allocation

【篇二：交通运输专业英语英语翻译】

choice of mode

the choice of mode for long distance travel is heavily dependent on the

sensitivity of the traveler with respect to time and cost.by and large,business travel is time sensitive,vacation travel is price sensitive,and travel for personal reasons may be either time sensitive or cost sensitive,or both. 长距离旅行方式的选择在很大程度上取决于旅行者对时间和价格反应的灵敏程度。一般来说，商业性旅行对时间反应更灵敏，节假日旅行对价格反应更灵敏，由于私事（个人原因）旅行则对时间或价格的反应都灵敏。

the basic attributes of each mode are schedule, speed, cost, service offered,

and perceptions regarding the service offered.

每种方式的特性取决于所提供服务的时间速度、价格、服务质量和给人们的感受。

schedule and speed prescribe the ability of the mode to serve passengers at the times they want and the speed they require; for example, a same-day round trip from chicago to new york can be accomplished by air only.

时间性和速度性要求旅客所采用的运输方式能提供给乘客想要的速度和时间。 比如, 从芝加哥到纽约只有乘飞机可以在同一天内完成往返旅行

cost is a major consideration for most passengers. rail and bus are least expensive,with private or rented car following, and air travel coming last as the most expensive means of travel. advance purchase the supersaver fares may reduce the air transporation cost substantiaiiy.

价格是大多数旅客考虑的一个重要因素, 乘坐火车和公兵汽车是最便宜的, 自己开车和租用

车辆位于其次, 乘坐飞机是旅行方式中最贵的方式. 以前购买特惠机票可以大量减少乘飞机出行的费用。

for example, in january 1992, the supersaver honolulu to washington, d.c.round-trip fare was around $800, the full

economy class fare was around $1800,and the first class was around $3600.

例如, 1992年1月份, 从火奴鲁鲁到华盛顿往返旅行的的特惠机票大约只有800美元, 全价是是1800美元, 头等仓大约3600美元.

the destination point may restrict the mode choice set, or it may require the use of more than one long-distance transportation mode. in the honolulu to washington, d.c. example, the on|y practical way to travel is by air.

出行目的地可能会限制出行方式的选择，它可能需要利用 一种以上的长距离运输方式.从火奴鲁鲁到华盛顿的这个例子中, 最实用的出行方式就是乘飞机。

service is also an important factor. travel by private or rented car offers the convenience of having a car available at all time. this may be of great importance to some travelers (e.g. , personal salespeople). bus or rail offers few amenities on board, while airlines offer a wide variety of services on board(drinks,meals, music, and screen entertainment).

服务也是一个重要因素。自己开车或租车出行在任何时间内都可享受到有车的便利。这对

于一些旅行者来说或许是非常重要的(比如，售货员)。公共汽车或火车几乎提供不了那种怡人的感觉。而乘坐定期航班就可以享受到多种服务（喝免费饮料、免费午餐、听音乐、看娱乐

表演）。

perceptions of passengers regarding the overall service offered by a mode compared with other modes (e.g., auto versus bus or rail), or among providers of the same mode (e.g. ,american versus united airlines, avis versus hertz car rental) affect the choice of modes and providers.

乘客对运输方式的感受取决于这种运输方式挺提供的所有服务与另一方式所提供的服务的相互比较（比如，把乘坐小汽车与乘坐大汽车相比较，乘坐小汽车与乘火车相比较），或将同一运输方式各自提供的服务进行比较（比如，将美国航线与联合航线相比较，将欧洲汽车租凭巨头avis与全球最大的汽车租凭公司赫兹相比较），这些都会影响运输方式的选择。

in terms of fast service, the competitiveness of modes can be judged

by their ability to provide minimum overall travel time from origin to destination on a door-to-door basis (i.e., from the office in town a to the meeting place in town b or from !he house in town x to the hotel room in town y).

在快速服务方面，运输方式的竞争在门到门服务的基础取决于所提供起讫点之间的最小出行时间的能力，（比如，从a市办公室到b市会场，或从住宅地x市道旅馆所在地y市所花费的最小时间）。

all modes except private auto and rented or company car provide terminal-to-terminal service. there are several time-consuming components before and after the main haul as well as in the terminals.

除过私人小轿车与租用车辆及公司汽东之外,历有的运输方式都提供起点到终点的全线运输服务。在除过车站多耗费的时间之外. 主要运输前后也还有若干耗费时间的部分。

for rail transportation, these time components are times to get to the origin terminal, to wait for train and to board, to travel from terminal to terminal (main haul),to |eave the train and walk to exit from the platform, and to get to the destination.

对铁路运输而言, 时问组成有: 到达起点站的时间 、等车时间、 上车时间、 旅途中从起点到终点乘车时间(就是主要运程所花的时间)、 下车和从站台走到车站出口的时间、 到达目的地的时间。

similarly, the respective time components by air are times to get to the terminal, to check in, to walk to gate, and to wait, to board and to wait until takeoff, main haul,to land, to alight and walk to luggage claim, to wait for luggage, to walk to exit terminal, to get to destination.

同样, 乘飞机的各个时间组成部分有: 到达机场的时间、 检票时间 、 到达登机入口的时间、等待时间、 登机时间、 等待直到飞机起飞的时间、飞行时间 、着陆时间、下飞机和到达行李提取处的时间、 等侯行李时同、 走出机场出站站口时间、 到达目的地时间。

it is normal to expect that a two-hour trip( terminal-to-terminal) by air should take at least 4 hours from origin to destination. considering the door-to-door time frame, it is likely that several modes may offer competitive service. by and large, auto would be the fastest mode for trip up to 100 miles (about 160 km)long, high-speed rail running at 200 miles per hour (320 km/h) is most competitive for distance between 100 to 500 miles(160 to 800 km),

通常情况下乘飞机从站到站要2小时的旅程，从出发地到达目的地至少要花费4小时的时间。鉴于门到门服务的时间性，各种运输方式都会提供相互竞争的服务。一般来说，旅程100英里（大约160公里）的距离小汽车是最快的。距离100到500英里（也就是160公里到800公里）的路程，快速火车是最有竞争性的，这种火车时速可达到每小时200英里（320公里/小时）。

and air transportation is fastest for trips exceeding 500 miles (over 800 km) .regular rail and bus are not competitive for any trip distance with respect to minimum travel time. but they possess competition advantage in terms of travel monetary expenses.

距离超过500英里（超过800英里）的旅程飞机是最快的。对于任何距离和公共汽车都没有竞争优势，但在旅行所花的费用方面，他们具有竞争优势。

fast growth of world markets and international business travel make it

necessary to reduce travel time substantially.traveling between international trade centers such as new york, frankfurt, hong kong,london, moscow, paris,

singapore, sydney,and tokyo takes long time even by air.

世界市场和国际间商务旅行的快速发展, 使得大量减少旅行时间非常必要。在世界贸易中心间的旅程即使乘坐飞机也要花很长时间。比如：纽约、法兰克福（德国）、香港、伦敦、莫斯科、巴黎、新加坡、悉尼、东京。

the travel times for all transcontinental trips between the cities exceed 10 hours,as the result, at least two business days are lost in travel, while often passengers arrive in poor shape, all of which are detrimental to business.

所有的城市间的跨陆旅行时间都要超过10小时，因此，在旅程中至少要花费2个营业日的时间，并且乘客到达时往往疲惫不堪，所有这些都对商业的发展是不利的。

future advances in transportation are expected to come in the form of high-speed trains capable of reaching or exceeding 300 miles per hour (almost 500km/h) , and second-generation supersonic and/or sub-orbital aircraft capable of traveling from new york to tokyo in less

than 4 hours.

将来运输的发展期待出现时速达到或超过每小时300英里(约500公里/小时)的火车，和从纽约到东京不到4小时就可到达的第二代超音速与亚轨道的飞行。

the major objective of advanced transportation technologies is the

substantial reduction of travel time through high cruising speed. additional

objectives are the reduction of fuel consumption,pollution, and noise. most of the research and applications are concentrated in

passenger rail (e.g. , the magnetic levitation rails) and air transportation (e.g. , the ?y-by-wire technology).

(开发)先进的交通运输技术的主要目的是通过提高运输速度极大地减少出行时间，其次就是减少燃料消耗、污染和噪声。大多数研究和应用集中在铁路客运方面（比如磁悬浮列车）和空运方面（比如电子信号控制的飞行技术）。

the evolution of transportation has been closely linked to the development of humankind throughout the history .transportations early function was to meet the basis need of hauling food supplies .but with the formation of tribes ,then peoples ,and finally nations ,the societal and economic functions of transportation became more and more complex.

运输的发展演变与人类整个历史的发展密切相关，运输的早期功能是为了满足食物的储备这一基本需要。但随着部落的出现、种族的产生、最后到民族的形成，运输的社会和经济功能变得越来越复杂。

at first there was mobility required for individuals,households,and animals to protect them against,and to escape from,the dangers of nature disasters and tribal aggressions,and in search for the best place to settle.as tribal groups formed and gradually established their geographical identity,transportation was increasingly needed to open up regions for development,to provide access to natural

resources,to promote inter-communal trade,and to mobilize territorial defense. 最初，个人、家庭、动物为了抵御并避开自然灾害和部落侵袭，以寻求最好的地方来居住，因此都需要随时迁移。当部落群体形成并逐步建立他们的家园时，人们就更多地需要依靠运输来进行当地的开发。以寻求发展，依靠运输来获取自然资源、促进群落间贸易、实现领土防御。

after basic societal needs had generally been attended to,local communities could increasingly devote their efforts to enhancing their economic,cultural,and technological development through trade links with other people and regions.again,transportation

provided

the

mobility

required

for

such

intertribal,international,and intercontinental cultural exchange and trade.

当基本的社会需求和受到普遍关注之后，当地政府就会投入更多的精力，通过与其他民族或区域间的贸易来提高当地的经济】文化和科技水平。另一方面，运输也会促进部落之间、民族之间、各州之间的贸易与文化交流。

during this gradual development toward an organized human

society,transportation as a physical process of moving people and goods promoting

such

development,continuously

underwent

technological

and

organizational changes.todays transportation in its various modes and organizational arrangements remains highly subject to changers in response to societal requirements and preferences.

在人类社会逐步发展过程中，运输作为人和物移动的物理过程，加快了人类社会进程的步伐，并不断促进科学技术和组织方式的变革。为了适应社会需求并顺应人们的选择，如今运输的各种方式和组织安排发生了很大的变化。

the evolution of increasingly sophisticated means of transportation is manifested by todays transportation systems, which include surface, air. and water transportation. special industry needs have led to the development of other transportation modes, such as pipelines,cables. and belts. 现今的运输系统，包括地面运输、空中运输和水上运输（的出现），证实了日益复杂的运输方式的演变（过程）。特殊行业的需求是另外一些运输方式得以发展，譬如管道运输、索道运输和输送带运输。

within current societal needs and preferences, as well as the economic

requirements of cost effectiveness, the various existing transportation modes generally ful?ll rather specific functions .these functions are outlined in table 1.

各种已有的运输方式为了满足社会发展所追求的低成本高效率需求，都慢慢地具有了特殊功能。这些功能见表1.

the total cost of owning and operating a company,including transportation companies,is usually broken into fixed and variable costs.fixed costed do not relate

to

production

or

utilization

of

the

equipment.aircraft,trucks,trains,computers,and offices cost a fixed amount of money no matter what the degree of utilization(i.e.,,from idle to around-the-clock utilization,the fixed cost remains the same).

企业运营的总成本通常包括固定成本和变动成本，运输公司也如此。固定成本与设备的生产或利用状况无关。飞机、载重汽车、铁路汽车、计算机和办公室等不管其利用程度如和，它们都要花费固定的成本。就是说，从空闲到一天24小时使用，固定成本仍然相同。

variable costs,on the other hand,tend to be proportional to the degree of utilized,the more labor that is necessary to operation them,the more fuel that is necessary to produce propulsion,and the more maintenance that is required,due to the increased wear and tear.all costs tend to become variable in the long term(5 years or more)as corporations expand or reduce their activities(increase or decrease of fixed facilities,equipment,and operations).

相反，变动成本与设备的利用程度成正比，设备利用的越多，使用设备所必需的劳动力就越多，产生动力所必需的燃料就越多，由于磨损所需要的维护就越多。从长远来开（5年或更多年份）随着企业扩张或缩减（增加或减少固定设施、设备和运营作业），总成本是变动的。

【篇三：交通运输专业英语】

lesson 2internal combustion engine (part Ⅰ)

1 principle of operation

the engine is a self-contained power unit which converts the heat energy of fuel into mechanical energy for moving the vehicle.

发动机是一个独立的动力装置，它把燃料燃烧产生的热能转变成机械能，从而推动车辆运行。

because fuel is burned within, the engine is known as an internal combustion (ic) engine. in the ic engine, an air-fuel mixture is introduced into a closed cylinder

where it is compressed and then ignited.

introduce：介绍，引荐；引进；输入，传入

由于燃料在发动机气缸内燃烧，因此发动机被称为内部燃烧发动机。在内燃机中，空气和燃油的混合物被引入一个封闭的气缸，在气缸内空气和燃油的混合物先被压缩，然后被点燃。

the burning of the fuel (combustion) causes a rapid rise in cylinder pressure which is converted to useful mechanical energy by the piston and crank-shaft.

燃烧引起气缸内压力迅速上升，而这快速上升的压力，通过活塞和曲轴转化成非常有用的机械能。

the fuel may be ignited either by a spark or by compression giving rise to classifications of spark-ignition (si) and compression-ignition (ci) engines.

give rise to：引起，使发生

giving rise to: 得到…结果（直译：这样，从而，因此，使）

classification：分类，分级，类别

燃油可以由火花或者通过压缩点燃，从而分为火花点燃式和压燃式两种类型的发动机。

an sectional engine view of a typical spark ignition petrol engine is shown in fig.2.1, detailing the major components.

sectional：截面的，剖面的；部分的，局部的

detailing：详述，细说

component：组成部分，零件，部件

图2.1为典型点燃式汽油发动机的剖面图 ，详细展示了发动机的主要部件。 the four strokes of such an engine are shown in fig.2.2.

点燃式汽油发动机的4冲程如图2.2所示。

at the beginning of the induction stroke (fig.2.2a), the inlet valve opens and the piston travels down the cylinder from top dead centre (tdc) to bottom dead centre (bdc).

在进气冲程（图2.2a）开始时，进气门开启，活塞从气缸的上止点下行至下止点。 the partial vacuum created by the moving piston causes the air-fuel mixture to rush in from the inlet manifold and through the open valve, into the cylinder.

partial:部分的,不完全的;不公平的,偏袒的vacuum:真空,真空度

活塞运动引起的不完全真空使空燃混合气从进气管经进气门冲入到气缸。 the correct air-fuel mixture is provided by the carburetor.

精确的空气燃油混合气是由化油器所提供。

when the piston reaches the end of its stroke the inlet valve closes, sealing the top end of the cylinder as both valves are closed.

第一个end:终点，终了； 第二个end:端面，端部

当活塞到达行程终点时，进气门关闭，因两个气门都关闭，气缸顶部被密封。 in fig.2.2b the piston is moving up the cylinder, compressing the air-fuel mixture between the piston and cylinder head to a very small volume—the compression stroke.

is moving up the cylinder=is moving up in the cylinder

在图2.2b中，活塞在气缸中向上运动，将活塞与气缸顶部间的可燃混合气压缩成很小的体积，这就是压缩冲程。

just before tdc an electrical spark, generated across the electrodes of the spark plug, ignites the air-fuel mixture.

在活塞到达上止点之前，由火花塞电极产生电火花点燃可燃混合气。

for good performance the timing of the spark must be closely controlled.

为了得到良好的性能，必须对点火时间进行精确的控制。

as the mixture burns, the hot gas expands causing a rapid and extreme rise in cylinder pressure, to such an extent that the piston is forced down the cylinder and the connecting rod gives the crankshaft a powerful turning effort. this is the

combustion stroke, also called the power stroke, shown in fig.2.2c.

turning effort：翻转力，回转力

to such an extent that : 结果，甚至于

随着混合气燃烧，热空气膨胀，气缸压力急剧上升，以致活塞被迫向气缸下方运动，使连杆对曲轴作用一个强大的回转力。这就是燃烧冲程，也称为作功冲程，如图2.2c所示。

once the mixture has been burned it must be removed from the cylinder as quickly as possible.

一旦混合气被燃烧，它必须尽可能快地从气缸内排出。

in the exhaust stroke (fig.2.2d) the rising piston pushes the hot gases and combustion products out of the cylinder through the open exhaust valve and exhaust system into the earth’s atmosphere.

在排气冲程（图2.2d），上升的活塞将热空气和燃烧产物推出气缸，并通过排气门和排气系统将他们排到大气中去。

this sequence of events is repeated continually, with power delivered to the crankshaft on only one of the four strokes—the combustion stroke.

这一系列的过程不断重复，而动力只在四个冲程中的一个——燃烧冲程中传递给

曲轴。

crankshaft rotation continues through the other strokes due to the kinetic energy of the heavy flywheel which is connected to the crankshaft.

kinetic：运动的 kinetics:运动学 kinetic energy:动能 因为与曲轴相连的较重飞轮的动能，使曲轴能在其他冲程中持续旋转。

note that the crankshaft rotates through two full revolutions for each four-stroke cycle and a spark occurs only once in the cylinder.

revolution：革命，循环，周期

值得注意的是，在每一个4冲程循环中，曲轴旋转两周而气缸只点火一次。 in a multicylinder engine, power strokes of each cylinder are staggered so that power is delivered almost continuously to the crankshaft for a smooth operation.

在多气缸发动机中，每个气缸的做功冲程是交替进行的，这样动力就几乎可以持续不断的送给曲轴，使发动机平稳运行。

2mixture supply system

fuel stored in a large tank, is fed via a pump to the carburetor.

via：经过，经由，通道

燃油被储存于一个大油箱中，通过油泵供给化油器。

the carburetor (fig.2.3) mixes the liquid petrol with filtered air on its way to the cylinders and in the process turns it into a vapor.

在过滤过的空气通往气缸的通道上，化油器（图2.3）将

它与液态汽油混合，并在此过程中将汽油雾化。

the inlet manifold(fig.2.4) directs the mixture to the cylinders.

进气歧管（图2.4）把混合气导入气缸。

the ratio of air to fuel in the mixture delivered to the cylinder is controlled by the size and shape of the carburetor bore and venturi, and the size of the fuel metering jets. metering jets：计量，测量；计量器，仪表

送入气缸的混合气的空燃比由化油器孔和喉管的尺寸、形状及燃油的量孔尺寸控制。

the standard manual control for the amount of air and fuel mixture delivered to the engine is the throttle valve, which is controlled by the driver’s depression of the accelerator pedal.

accelerator pedal: 加速踏板

用于人工控制发动机可燃混合气量的标准装置是节气门，而节气门受驾驶员踩下加速踏板

的量的控制。

the throttle valve is simply a round disc, mounted on a thin pivot shaft so that it can be tilted at different angles under the control of the accelerator pedal.

节气门只是一个圆盘，被装在一个细的枢轴上，这样它就可以在加速踏板的控制下翻转不同的角度。

in the vertical position the throttle valve offers virtually no restriction and the full

volume of air and fuel passes to the cylinders to produce maximum engine power. 在垂直的位置时，节气门实际上没有任何限制作用，最大量的可燃混合气进入气缸，发动机产生最大的动力。

as the throttle valve moves towards the horizontal position the airflow is restricted (throttled) and engine power and speed is reduced accordingly.

当节气门向水平位置移动时，气流受到限制，发动机的动力和速度也相应下降。

in normal operation the air-fuel ratio (by mass) varies, typically, in the range12:1 to 17:1.

在通常的工况下，空燃比（质量）会发生变化，而典型的变化范围在12：1到17：1之间。