2014-12月(6,+21+27)阅读第一篇

Using metabolic energy as “currency” to measure the “cost” of locomotion—that is, the amount of energy that must be spent to move from one place to another—we can compare the costs of different types of locomotion. Terrestrial locomotion—walking or running—is the most expensive form of locomotion. Given that humans are naturally terrestrial, many people may be surprised to learn that walking is so costly. The cost per kilogram of locomotion for human running is about five times higher than for the flight of a typical bird, and ten times more expensive than for fish swimming.

Just why is locomotion so cheap for a fish? The main reason is that the water supports most of the body weight of such a swimmer, so all the animal needs to do to swim is to produce enough force to overcome the drag of its own body. Most aquatic animals have nearly the same density as the water in which they swim, so they do almost no work to support their weight against gravity. However, swimming is cheap only for those animals well adapted to swimming completely submerged. When animals such as ducks and muskrat swim on the surface, they use two or three times more energy to swim on the surface than when submerged, and as much as twenty times more energy than fish of a similar size. This is because of what is called the “bow wave” any object moving on the surface of water pushes up a bow wave at the front, which streams alongside and trails back. Boat designers have long known that the bigger the bow wave, the harder it is to push a boat through the water. The bow wave produces extra drag on any body moving on the surface of water. An animal swimming on the surface of the water uses extra energy in order to overcome drag. Thus, for our purposes, efficient “swimming” means underwater locomotion by animals with streamlined bodies, not the exhausting, inefficient locomotion of humans in swimming pools.

Flying animals move through air that is less dense and less viscous than water, so why does flying cost more than swimming? First, most flying animals move much faster than a swimmer in order to produce enough lift (the upward force necessary to overcome gravity). This higher speed increases the drag that a flyer must overcome. Furthermore, a flyer has an extra source of drag that a swimmer does not have: the extra drag that comes from lift production. In a way, the extra drag represents the cost of supporting the flyer’s weight in air.

Walking (or running or galloping) is so costly because it involves at least three processes that require muscular work. The first is simply supporting the body’s weight. The second is overcoming the friction in joints and muscles, and the third is constantly producing accelerations (speeding up) and decelerations (slowing down). The exact proportion of muscular effort that goes into these three processes depends on the anatomy of a given animal, but the third process probably accounts for most of the energy used by the muscles. When a person takes a step, first one foot pushes off, which accelerates the body. Then the other foot swings forward and hits the ground, and as the weight shifts onto that foot, the body decelerates. Some of the leg muscles actively tense to act as shock absorbers during this deceleration. Momentum carries the body over the grounded foot, at which time that foot pushes off to accelerate the body, and the cycle repeats.

In terms of energy, walking is inefficient because of the acceleration and deceleration required with every step. Both the decelerations and accelerations need muscular effort and thus energy use. In swimming and flying, animals accelerate and decelerate relatively little over the course of a tail stroke or a wingbeat, so less energy is consumed by this process. As an analogy, consider riding a bicycle. When a person rides a bicycle, the bicycle does not accelerate or decelerate much with each turn of the petal. Thus, a person can ride a bicycle much faster than he or she could run using the same amount of effort.

CDA(AD)D, CBDBD, CAD, 245 CADDC, ABBDB, BCA, 这篇最后一题残 Forms of Locomotion CCBDC, DBDAB,ADB, 346

Paragraph 1

Using metabolic energy as “currency” to measure the “cost” of locomotion—that is, the amount of energy that must be spent to move from one place to another—we can compare the costs of different types of locomotion. Terrestrial locomotion—walking or running—is the most expensive form of locomotion. Given that humans are naturally terrestrial, many people may be surprised to learn that walking is so costly. The cost per kilogram of locomotion for human running is about five times higher than for the flight of a typical bird, and ten times more expensive than for fish swimming.

1. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the cost of locomotion?  For humans, the cost of running is lower than the cost of swimming.

 The type of locomotion that comes most naturally to an animal is also the type of locomotion that is

least expensive.

 The more metabolic energy required for locomotion, the more expensive the locomotion is

considered to be.

 The faster a particular form of locomotion is, the more metabolic energy it requires.

Paragraph 2

Just why is locomotion so cheap for a fish? The main reason is that the water supports most of the body weight of such a swimmer, so all the animal needs to do to swim is to produce enough force to overcome the drag of its own body. Most aquatic animals have nearly the same density as the water in which they swim, so they do almost no work to support their weight against gravity. However, swimming is cheap only for those animals well adapted to swimming completely submerged. When animals such as ducks and muskrat swim on the surface, they use two or three times more energy to swim on the surface than when submerged, and as much as twenty times more energy than fish of a similar size. This is because of what is called the “bow wave” any object moving on the surface of water pushes up a bow wave at the front, which streams alongside and trails back. Boat designers have long known that the bigger the bow wave, the harder it is to push a boat through the water. The bow wave produces extra drag on any body moving on the surface of water. An animal swimming on the surface of the water uses extra energy in order to overcome drag. Thus, for our purposes, efficient “swimming” means underwater locomotion by animals with streamlined bodies, not the exhausting, inefficient locomotion of humans in swimming pools.

2. Paragraph 2 suggests which of the following about the drag faced by aquatic animals?

 The closer an aquatic animal’s body density is to the density of the water, the less drag the animal

must overcome.

 Aquatic animals that swim on the surface must overcome fewer sources of drag than animals that

swim underwater.

 The drag faced by most fish swimming underwater is much greater than previously thought.

 All fish must overcome at least two forces of drag—the drag produced by their own bodies and by

the bow wave.

3. According to paragraph 2, which of the following animal types is the most efficient swimmer?  Animals that are well suited to swimming completely submerged  Animals such as ducks and muskrat

 Animals that spend their time both on the surface of the water and completely underwater  Animals that produce only a small bow wave

4. Select the TWO answer choices that, according to paragraph 2, are true of the swimming behavior

of ducks and muskrat. To receive credit you must select TWO answer choices.

 Ducks and muskrat require far more energy to swim on the surface than fish of a similar size require

to swim underwater.

 Ducks and muskrat must overcome drag produced by the bow wave when swimming both on the

surface and submerged.

 Ducks and muskrat spend as much time underwater as possible in order to use less energy in

swimming.

 Ducks and muskrat are more efficient when swimming underwater than when swimming on the

surface.

5. What is the author’s purpose in mentioning “Boat designers” in a discussion of the amount of energy

used in swimming?

 To illustrate the point that large animals are not efficient swimmers because they produce very large

bow waves

 To make a comparison between the type of drag produced by the bow wave and the type

produced by an animal’s weight

 To suggest that boat designers could design better boats if they studied locomotion in animals  To apply a principle used in boat design to further illustrate why surface swimming is inefficient

6. The word \"exhausting\" in the passage is closest in meaning to  enjoyable

 corresponding  extremely tiring  very complicated

Paragraph 3

Flying animals move through air that is less dense and less viscous than water, so why does flying cost more than swimming? First, most flying animals move much faster than a swimmer in order to produce enough lift (the upward force necessary to overcome gravity). This higher speed increases the drag that a flyer must overcome. Furthermore, a flyer has an extra source of drag that a swimmer does not have: the extra drag that comes from lift production. In a way, the extra drag represents the cost of supporting the flyer’s weight in air.

7. The word \"Furthermore\" in the passage is closest in meaning to  Unfortunately  In addition  However

 Consequently

8. According to paragraph 3, flying requires more energy than swimming for all of the following reasons

EXCEPT:

 A flying animal must overcome more drag because it moves more quickly than a swimming animal.  A flying animal must expend more energy to create lift than a swimming animal does.

 More energy is required for a flying animal to support its weight in air than for a swimming animal to

support its weight in water.

 Because air has a lower density than water does, more energy is required for an animal to move

through air than through water.

Paragraph 4

Walking (or running or galloping) is so costly because it involves at least three processes that require muscular work. The first is simply supporting the body’s weight. The second is overcoming the friction in joints and muscles, and the third is constantly producing accelerations (speeding up) and decelerations (slowing down). The exact proportion of muscular effort that goes into these three processes depends on the anatomy of a given animal, but the third process probably accounts for most of the energy used by the muscles. When a person takes a step, first one foot pushes off, which accelerates the body. Then the other foot swings forward and hits the ground, and as the weight shifts onto that foot, the body decelerates. Some of the leg muscles actively tense to act as shock absorbers during this deceleration. Momentum carries the body over the grounded foot, at which time that foot pushes off to accelerate the body, and the cycle repeats.

9. According to paragraph 4, which of the following statements is true about the energy expended by

animals in walking?

 It requires more energy for a walking animal to overcome the friction in its joints and muscles than

to support its body weight.

 The process involved in walking that usually requires the most energy is producing accelerations and

decelerations.

 Whether or not walking requires more energy than other types of locomotion depends on the

anatomy of a given animal.

 The energy generated by momentum during walking is greater than the amount of energy

expended in accelerating and decelerating.

Paragraph 5

In terms of energy, walking is inefficient because of the acceleration and deceleration required with every step. Both the decelerations and accelerations need muscular effort and thus energy use. In swimming and flying, animals accelerate and decelerate relatively little over the course of a tail stroke or a wingbeat, so less energy is consumed by this process. As an analogy, consider riding a bicycle. When a person rides a bicycle, the bicycle does not accelerate or decelerate much with each turn of the petal. Thus, a person can ride a bicycle much faster than he or she could run using the same amount of effort.

10. The word \"consumed\" in the passage is closest in meaning to  saved

 depended on  transferred  used up

11. Paragraph 5 states that swimming and flying are more efficient than walking because

 swimming and flying animals make tail strokes and wingbeats much less often than walking animals

take steps

 swimming and flying animals use more muscles than walking animals do

 swimming and flying do not require as much acceleration and deceleration with every movement  animals that are swimming or flying can accelerate and decelerate more quickly than can animals

that are walking

12. What is the author’s purpose in discussing “riding a bicycle”?

 To explain why walking requires more energy than swimming and flying

 To contrast the amount of energy used in riding a bicycle with the amount of energy used in

swimming and flying

 To suggest that humans should ride a bicycle instead of running or walking in order to conserve

energy

 To provide an example of an activity for which accelerations and decelerations require a great deal

of muscular effort

Paragraph 3

Flying animals move through air that is less dense and less viscous than water, so why does flying cost more than swimming? First, most flying animals move much faster than a swimmer in order to produce enough lift (the upward force necessary to overcome gravity). ■This higher speed increases the drag that a flyer must overcome. ■Furthermore, a flyer has an extra source of drag that a swimmer does not have: the extra drag that comes from lift production. ■In a way, the extra drag represents the cost of supporting the flyer’s weight in air. ■

13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the

passage.

Thus, the need to overcome resistance to fast forward motion plus the muscular effort needed just to keep from falling makes flying more energy intensive than swimming. Where would the sentence best fit?

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete

the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong. To review the passage, click on View Text.

The amount of energy required for movement depends on the type of locomotion. ● ● ● Answer Choices

Swimming is cheaper than flying for animals that swim completely submerged but not for animals that swim on the surface of the water.

The demands of creating lift and overcoming drag make flying a more costly form of locomotion than swimming.

The costs of lift and drag are greater for walking and running than they are for swimming.

For animals that are well adapted to underwater

swimming, locomotion requires very little energy

because they do not have to support their own body weight.

Running and walking require more energy than other types of locomotion mainly because of the amount of muscular effort involved in constantly slowing the body down and speeding it up. Riding a bicycle at a fast pace requires much less energy than either running or walking.

How Plants and Animals Arrived in the Hawaiian Islands

Scientists have attempted to explain how living things that are not native to the Hawaiian Islands were able to reach the islands from distant places. The way in which birds reached the Hawaiian Islands is obvious enough. Some of the plants that probably came with them had seeds that readily attached to feathers, about 7 percent of the Hawaiian nonendemic (nonnative) seed plants probably arrived in this way. The Hawaiian insects, too, arrived by air. Entomologists have used airplanes and ships to trail fine nets over the Pacific at different heights and have trapped a variety of insects, most of which, as would be expected, are light-bodied. These types also predominate in the Hawaiian Islands (an indication of their airborne arrival), although heavier dragonflies, sphinx moths, and butterflies are also found there.

The influence of the winds in providing colonists is shown by the fact that, although flowering plants are far more common than ferns in the world as a whole, their diversity in Hawaii is more evenly balanced: 225 immigrant flowering plants and 135 immigrant ferns. The relatively greater success of the ferns is probably due to the fact that their spores (reproductive structures) are much smaller and lighter than the seeds of flowering plants. Of the nonendemic seed plants of the Hawaiian Islands, about 7.5 percent almost certainly arrived carried by the wind, while another 30.5 percent have small seeds (up to three millimeters in diameter) and thus may also have arrived this way.

One of the most interesting plants that probably arrived as a wind-borne seed is the tree Metrosideros. It is unusual because its seeds are relatively tiny, and this has allowed it to become widely dispersed through the Pacific islands. It is able to form forests on lowland lava with virtually no soil—a great advantage on a volcanic island. Metrosideros shows great variability in its appearance in different environments, from a large tree in the wet rain forest, to a shrub on windswept ridges, to as little as 15 centimeters high in peatlands, and it is therefore the dominant tree of the Hawaiian forest. The different forms are not distinct species, and intermediates are found where two different types are adjacent to one another.

Probably the single most important method of entry of seed plants to the Hawaiian Islands has been as seeds within the digestive systems of birds that have eaten their fruit (e.g. blueberry, sandalwood), about 37 percent of the nonendemic seed plants of the islands probably arrived in this way. Significantly, many plants that succeeded in reaching the islands are those that, unlike the rest of their families, bear fleshy fruits instead of dry seeds, such as the species of mint, lily, and nightshade found in Hawaii.

Dispersed by sea accounts for only about 5 percent of the nonendemic Hawaiian seed plants. As well as the widespread coconut, the islands also contain Scaevola toccata, this shrub has white, buoyant fruits and forms dense hedges along the edge of the beach. Another seaborne migrant is Erythrina, most species of this plant have buoyant, beanlike seeds. On Hawaii, after its arrival on the beach, Erythrina was unusual in adapting to an island environment, and a new endemic species, the coral tree E sandwichensis, has evolved on the island. Unlike those of its ancestors, the seeds of the coral tree do no float—an example of the loss of its dispersal mechanism often characteristic of an island species.

The successful colonists of the Hawaiian Islands are the exceptions, many groups, both plants and animals, have failed to reach the islands by natural processes. There are no truly freshwater fish and no native amphibians, reptiles, or mammals (except for one species of bat), while 21 orders of insect are completely absent. As might be expected, most of these are types that seem in general to have very limited powers of dispersal. For example, the ants, which are an important part of the insect fauna in other tropical parts of the world, were originally absent. They have, however, since been introduced by humans, and 36 different species have now established themselves and filled their usual dominant role

in insect faunas. This proves that the obstacle was reaching the islands, not the nature of the Hawaiian environment.

Paragraph 1

Scientists have attempted to explain how living things that are not native to the Hawaiian Islands were able to reach the islands from distant places. The way in which birds reached the Hawaiian Islands is obvious enough. Some of the plants that probably came with them had seeds that readily attached to feathers, about 7 percent of the Hawaiian nonendemic (nonnative) seed plants probably arrived in this way. The Hawaiian insects, too, arrived by air. Entomologists have used airplanes and ships to trail fine nets over the Pacific at different heights and have trapped a variety of insects, most of which, as would be expected, are light-bodied. These types also predominate in the Hawaiian Islands (an indication of their airborne arrival), although heavier dragonflies, sphinx moths, and butterflies are also found there.

15. The word \"obvious\" in the passage is closest in meaning to  unusual  natural  clear  simple

16. According to paragraph 1, how are dragonflies, sphinx moths, and butterflies different from other

insects in Hawaii?  They are heavier.

 They are native to Hawaii.

 They fly at much higher levels above the land.  They were brought to the islands by birds.

Paragraph 2

The influence of the winds in providing colonists is shown by the fact that, although flowering plants are far more common than ferns in the world as a whole, their diversity in Hawaii is more evenly balanced: 225 immigrant flowering plants and 135 immigrant ferns. The relatively greater success of the ferns is probably due to the fact that their spores (reproductive structures) are much smaller and lighter than the seeds of flowering plants. Of the nonendemic seed plants of the Hawaiian Islands, about 7.5 percent almost certainly arrived carried by the wind, while another 30.5 percent have small seeds (up to three millimeters in diameter) and thus may also have arrived this way.

17. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in

the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

 In the world as a whole, flowering plants are much more common than ferns, but in Hawaii the

opposite is true.

 A wide variety of plants, including 225 flowering plants and 135 ferns, were probably brought to

Hawaii by wind.

 Ferns are well suited to the windy conditions in Hawaii, as demonstrated by their high diversity

compared to flowering plants.

 Hawaii has a higher proportion of ferns to flowering plants than the world as a whole because many

of its colonists arrived by wind.

18. According to paragraph 2, Hawaiian plants whose seeds are no more than 3 millimeters in diameter  are more likely to be flowering plants than ferns

 make up about 7.5 percent of all nonendemic plants on the islands  make up the majority of seed-bearing plants on the islands  may have been transported to the islands by wind

Paragraph 3

One of the most interesting plants that probably arrived as a wind-borne seed is the tree Metrosideros. It is unusual because its seeds are relatively tiny, and this has allowed it to become widely dispersed through the Pacific islands. It is able to form forests on lowland lava with virtually no soil—a great advantage on a volcanic island. Metrosideros shows great variability in its appearance in different environments, from a large tree in the wet rain forest, to a shrub on windswept ridges, to as little as 15 centimeters high in peatlands, and it is therefore the dominant tree of the Hawaiian forest. The different forms are not distinct species, and intermediates are found where two different types are adjacent to one another.

19. According to paragraph 3, all of the following are true of the tree Metrosideros EXCEPT:  It has very small seeds that were probably brought to the islands by wind.  It needs almost no soil to grow.

 It has evolved into at least three distinct species since reaching the islands.  It adapts its size to fit environmental conditions.

20. The phrase \"adjacent to\" in the passage is closest in meaning to  next to  mixed with

 competing with  related to

Paragraph 4

Probably the single most important method of entry of seed plants to the Hawaiian Islands has been as seeds within the digestive systems of birds that have eaten their fruit (e.g. blueberry, sandalwood), about 37 percent of the nonendemic seed plants of the islands probably arrived in this way. Significantly, many plants that succeeded in reaching the islands are those that, unlike the rest of their families, bear fleshy fruits instead of dry seeds, such as the species of mint, lily, and nightshade found in Hawaii.

21. In paragraph 4, what point is the author making about the particular species of mint, lily and

nightshade found in Hawaii?

 These species have close relatives that, because they produce dry seeds, are unable to grow in the

Hawaiian Islands.

 If these species did not produce edible fruits, they probably would not have succeeded in reaching

the islands.

 These species, in addition to Hawaii’s blueberry and sandalwood, provide further examples of

fruiting plants that now grow in Hawaii but that are not native to the islands.

 These species have close relatives in the Hawaiian Islands that are able to attract birds without

producing fleshy fruit.

Paragraph 5

Dispersed by sea accounts for only about 5 percent of the nonendemic Hawaiian seed plants. As well as the widespread coconut, the islands also contain Scaevola toccata, this shrub has white, buoyant fruits and forms dense hedges along the edge of the beach. Another seaborne migrant is Erythrina, most species of this plant have buoyant, beanlike seeds. On Hawaii, after its arrival on the beach, Erythrina was unusual in adapting to an island environment, and a new endemic species, the coral tree E sandwichensis, has evolved on the island. Unlike those of its ancestors, the seeds of the coral tree do no float—an example of the loss of its dispersal mechanism often characteristic of an island species.

22. The word \"widespread\" in the passage is closest in meaning to  impressive  common  adaptable  hardy

23. The word \"dense\" in the passage is closest in meaning to  long  tall

 beautiful  thick

24. According to paragraph 5, which of the following plants does NOT have seeds that float?  Scaevola toccala  E sandwichensis  Erythrina  Coconut

Paragraph 6

The successful colonists of the Hawaiian Islands are the exceptions, many groups, both plants and animals, have failed to reach the islands by natural processes. There are no truly freshwater fish and no native amphibians, reptiles, or mammals (except for one species of bat), while 21 orders of insect are completely absent. As might be expected, most of these are types that seem in general to have very limited powers of dispersal. For example, the ants, which are an important part of the insect fauna in other tropical parts of the world, were originally absent. They have, however, since been introduced by humans, and 36 different species have now established themselves and filled their usual dominant role in insect faunas. This proves that the obstacle was reaching the islands, not the nature of the Hawaiian environment.

25. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 6 about the animals currently on the

Hawaiian Islands?

 Except one species of bat, all of the amphibians, reptiles, and mammals on the islands were

introduced by people.

 Except for one species of bat, there are no amphibians, reptiles, or mammals on the islands

 Except for one species of bat, none of the amphibians, reptiles, or mammals on the islands have

spread to other islands.

 Except for one species of bat, all of the amphibians, reptiles, and mammals on the islands died out

after people arrived.

26. Why does the author provide the information that a number of species of ants “have now established

themselves and filled their usual dominant role in insect faunas”?

 To demonstrate that species introduced by humans often disrupt the island ecosystem by replacing

endemic species

 To provide an example of some of the most successful colonists of the Hawaiian Islands

 To support the claim that many types of organisms are absent from Hawaii because they could not

get there, not because they are unsuited to its environment

 To argue that ants have better powers of dispersal than the 21 orders of insects that are absent from

the islands

Paragraph 1

Scientists have attempted to explain how living things that are not native to the Hawaiian Islands were able to reach the islands from distant places. The way in which birds reached the Hawaiian Islands is obvious enough. ■Some of the plants that probably came with them had seeds that readily attached to feathers, about 7 percent of the Hawaiian nonendemic (nonnative) seed plants probably arrived in this way. ■The Hawaiian insects, too, arrived by air. ■Entomologists have used airplanes and ships to trail fine nets over the Pacific at different heights and have trapped a variety of insects, most of which, as would be expected, are light-bodied. ■These types also predominate in the Hawaiian Islands (an indication of their airborne arrival), although heavier dragonflies, sphinx moths, and butterflies are also found there.

27. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the

passage.

Flying over from the American mainland or from other Pacific Islands, they often brought additional colonists with them.

Where would the sentence best fit?

28. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete

the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong. To review the passage, click on View Text.

The nonnative plants and animals of Hawaii arrived on the islands by several different means. ● ● ●

Mexican Mural Art

The first major modern art movement in Latin America was Mexican muralism, which featured large-scale murals painted on the wall surfaces of public buildings. One of the most persistent strands in Latin American art in the last 80 years has been an engagement with political and social issues, including the struggle for social justice. This in turn has been accompanied by a desire for authentic forms of self-expression and freedom from cultural dependency. Although these preoccupations have taken many different forms, Mexican muralism was the first, and its influence was the most far-reaching. Muralism flourished in Mexico in the years immediately following the Mexican Revolution (1910-1920) as a result of a combination of circumstances: a climate of revolutionary optimism and cultural experimentation that challenged traditional Eurocentrism, a small but strong group of relatively mature artists of energy, ideas, and ability, and a visionary minister of education, Jose Vasconcelos. Vasconcelos believed that Mexico was destined to play a central role on the international stage. He understood that ideas could be more quickly assimilated through images than through any other medium, and he had the courage to allocate the funds, and the walls of public buildings, to the artists to do with as they liked.

The muralists shared a belief in the power of art to transform society for the better, to challenge social, political, economic, and cultural stereotypes, and to enrich the intellectual life of their country. During the 1920s and 1930s, they covered miles of wall with paintings representing aspects of Mexico’s past and present and the future to which all aspired. Although Mexican muralism is representational and often narrative in form, it should be recognized as a modern movement, it was modernizing in intent, in that it challenged the old order—culturally, socially, and politically. By definition, it was a public, accessible form of art—not a commodity that could be bought and sold by the wealthy elite. Its purpose was to educate, inform, enlighten, politicize and thus empower the general public, in particular the working classes.

The muralist movement was not a unified force, however. The painters who were its leaders took different directions and did not always see eye to eye. Diego Rivera (1886-1957) sought to promote a pluralistic vision of Mexican society by drawing on the rich heritage of the pre-Columbian past (before Christopher Columbus arrived in the Americas in 1492) and contemporary popular culture, and he investigated pre-Columbian styles and techniques in an effort to create an aesthetic language that was new and Mexican. He was deeply influenced by native pictographic traditions of communication in which pictures represent written words and ideas, and he sought to develop a modern equivalent, a visual language that could be read like a book. The art of Jose Clemente Orozco (1883-1949) is less optimistic: he saw both the pre-Columbian past and the revolutionary present in a more negative light, the former as barbarous, the latter often tarnished by corruption and cruelty. He offers no comforting narratives and his expressive, aggressive technique serves as a metaphor of Mexico’s harsh, contradictory reality. David Alfaro Siqueiros (18-1976) was the most politically active of the three and was an internationalist both ideologically and artistically. In his art he deliberately avoided traditional materials and methods, preferring to use modern industrial paints and spray guns. His works look forward to a fully socialist future where the workers will have won the right to the benefits of the modern industrial era, and his often fragmented, complex imagery does not patronize or make concessions to his audience.

The Mexican muralist movement is undoubtedly one of the most important manifestations of twentieth-century Mexican culture. Its impact elsewhere in the region, as well as in the United States and Europe, has been enormous. The work of Rivera, Orozco, and Siqueiros triggered a homegrown muralist movement in the United States in cities like New York City, Detroit, Los Angeles, and San Francisco. The influence of the Mexicans on the modern Spanish painter Picasso’s first mural and almost his only major explicitly propagandist work of art—his famous Guemica of 1937—is unmistakable even though the artist

himself would have derived it. In Latin America, Mexican-influenced muralism has recurred whenever artists have felt the need to make a clear, public statement in a language that has not been borrowed from outside.

Paragraph 1

The first major modern art movement in Latin America was Mexican muralism, which featured large-scale murals painted on the wall surfaces of public buildings. One of the most persistent strands in Latin American art in the last 80 years has been an engagement with political and social issues, including the struggle for social justice. This in turn has been accompanied by a desire for authentic forms of self-expression and freedom from cultural dependency. Although these preoccupations have taken many different forms, Mexican muralism was the first, and its influence was the most far-reaching. Muralism flourished in Mexico in the years immediately following the Mexican Revolution (1910-1920) as a result of a combination of circumstances: a climate of revolutionary optimism and cultural experimentation that challenged traditional Eurocentrism, a small but strong group of relatively mature artists of energy, ideas, and ability, and a visionary minister of education, Jose Vasconcelos. Vasconcelos believed that Mexico was destined to play a central role on the international stage. He understood that ideas could be more quickly assimilated through images than through any other medium, and he had the courage to allocate the funds, and the walls of public buildings, to the artists to do with as they liked.

29. The word \"persistent\" in the passage is closest in meaning to  important  fascinating  lasting  powerful

30. According to paragraph 1, Mexican muralism is concerned with

 the attempt to make art a more important subject in the Latin American educational system  the combination of European art traditions with authentic Latin American art forms  the creation of a just society and an independent form of cultural expression  the use of art to raise funds for the construction of new public buildings

31. The author mentions the “Mexican Revolution” in the passage in order to

 explain how the Mexican government used muralism to challenge European political beliefs  emphasize an important reason that Mexican muralism thrived  give an example of one the most popular subjects of muralism

 emphasize the success of Mexican artists who participated in political conflicts

32. It can be inferred from paragraph 1 that the muralists got most of their financial support from  opponents of traditional Europe art  wealthy art lovers

 other muralists from around the world  the Mexican government

33. According to paragraph 2, in what way can Mexican muralism be regarded as a characteristically

modern art movement?

 It was representational and often narrative in form.

 It was supported by a small but enlightened artistic elite.  It questioned traditional ideas.

 It emphasized the future rather than dwelling on the past.

Paragraph 3

The muralist movement was not a unified force, however. The painters who were its leaders took different directions and did not always see eye to eye. Diego Rivera (1886-1957) sought to promote a pluralistic vision of Mexican society by drawing on the rich heritage of the pre-Columbian past (before Christopher Columbus arrived in the Americas in 1492) and contemporary popular culture, and he investigated pre-Columbian styles and techniques in an effort to create an aesthetic language that was new and Mexican. He was deeply influenced by native pictographic traditions of communication in which pictures represent written words and ideas, and he sought to develop a modern equivalent, a visual language that could be read like a book. The art of Jose Clemente Orozco (1883-1949) is less optimistic: he saw both the pre-Columbian past and the revolutionary present in a more negative light, the former as barbarous, the latter often tarnished by corruption and cruelty. He offers no comforting narratives and his expressive, aggressive technique serves as a metaphor of Mexico’s harsh, contradictory reality. David Alfaro Siqueiros (18-1976) was the most politically active of the three and was an internationalist both ideologically and artistically. In his art he deliberately avoided traditional materials and methods, preferring to use modern industrial paints and spray guns. His works look forward to a fully socialist future where the workers will have won the right to the benefits of the modern industrial era, and his often fragmented, complex imagery does not patronize or make concessions to his audience.

34. The word \"promote\" in the passage is closest in meaning to  express  create  emphasize  encourage

35. The word \"contradictory\" in the passage is closest in meaning to  discouraging  conflicting  unchanging  unusual

36. Paragraph 3 makes all of the following points about artist Diego Rivera EXCEPT:  He used elements of pre-Columbian art to help make a new, modern art.

 He tried to develop a visual language that communicated as clearly as native pictographs had.  He used art to express his ideas of what Mexican society should be like.  He tried but failed to unify the muralist movement.

37. According to paragraph 3, which of the following was true of Orozco’s art?  It was concerned with Mexican problems of the past and the present.  It presented the pre-Columbian past favorably.  Its images were intended to be pleasing to viewers.

 Its technique was more typical of international artists than Mexican artists.

38. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is NOT true of David Alfaro Siqueiros?  He used modern industrial materials rather than traditional materials in his art.  He designed images that were intentionally meant to please his audience.

 He believed in socialism and viewed the future of workers in the modern industrial era favorably.  He took an international approach to both politics and art.

Paragraph 4

The Mexican muralist movement is undoubtedly one of the most important manifestations of twentieth-century Mexican culture. Its impact elsewhere in the region, as well as in the United States and Europe, has been enormous. The work of Rivera, Orozco, and Siqueiros triggered a homegrown muralist movement in the United States in cities like New York City, Detroit, Los Angeles, and San Francisco. The influence of the Mexicans on the modern Spanish painter Picasso’s first mural and almost his only major explicitly propagandist work of art—his famous Guemica of 1937—is unmistakable even though the artist himself would have derived it. In Latin America, Mexican-influenced muralism has recurred whenever artists have felt the need to make a clear, public statement in a language that has not been borrowed from outside.

39. The word \"manifestations\" in the passage is closest in meaning to  expressions  modifications  contributions  components

40. The author mentions Picasso’s mural “Guemica” in order to

 provide an example of one of the biggest European influences on Mexican muralism

 indicate that politically motivated murals were as popular in Europe as they were in Mexico  explain why the influence of Mexican muralism was especially strong among Spanish artists

 provide evidence that the Mexican muralists had a significant impact on the international art world

Paragraph 4

■ The Mexican muralist movement is undoubtedly one of the most important manifestations of twentieth-century Mexican culture. ■ Its impact elsewhere in the region, as well as in the United States and Europe, has been enormous. ■ The work of Rivera, Orozco, and Siqueiros triggered a homegrown muralist movement in the United States in cities like New York City, Detroit, Los Angeles, and San Francisco. ■ The influence of the Mexicans on the modern Spanish painter Picasso’s first mural and almost his only major explicitly propagandist work of art—his famous Guemica of 1937—is unmistakable even though the artist himself would have derived it. In Latin America, Mexican-influenced muralism has recurred whenever artists have felt the need to make a clear, public statement in a language that has not been borrowed from outside.

41. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the

passage.

However, its influence was not limited to Mexico itself. Where would the sentence best fit?

42. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete

the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong. To review the passage, click on View Text.

Mexican muralism, the first major modern art movement in Latin America, has been highly influential throughout the Americas and internationally. ● ● ● Answer Choices

The Mexican Revolution resulted in a new respect for traditional culture, leading the muralists to paint scenes depicting the everyday lives of poor Mexicans.

Jose Vasconcelos made Mexico an important international player by promoting the art and ideas of the revolutionary muralists.

The leaders of the muralist movement—Rivera, Orozco, and Siqueiros—all believed in the transformative power of art but differed in terms of their artistic methods and political beliefs.

The muralists challenged cultural and economic stereotypes and experimented with both pre-Columbian and industrial themes, styles, and techniques.

Mexican muralism was a traditional representational art focused on Mexico’s pre-Columbian society and culture.

In the 1920s and 1930s, following the Mexican Revolution, a talented group of artists painted many large-scale, politically motivated murals on public buildings.