答:非谓语动词包括动词不定式。动名词和分词三种形式,分词又包括现在分词和过去分词。这三种形式都是由动词变来的,但在句子中都不能作谓语,故这三种形式被称为非谓语动词。下面就这三种形式在用法上的区别浅析如下: 一、动词不定式和动名词在句子中均可作主语和表语
在表示一个具体的.个别的或将来的动作时,要用动词不定式。如: My job is to teach the first—year students grammar. To study English well is very important。
在表示比较抽象的一般的行为和动作时,二者可以互换.如: To climb mountains is a good form of exercise. Climbing mountains is a good form of exercise. 二、动名词、现在分词和动词不定式都可以作定语
1。动名词作定语时,和它所修饰的名词之间没有逻辑上的主谓关系,只表示被修饰名词的一般用途,必须位于名词之前.如:
There is a swimming pool in our school.
2.现在分词作定语时,和它所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系,表示所修饰名词的特征。如:
Listen to the singing bird. Who is the boy running towards us。
3。动词不定式作定语时,当所修饰的名词指人时,和它所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系.如:
He is always the first to come to school.
当所修饰的名词指物时,和它所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的动宾关系.如: I have a meeting to attend.
如果作定语的动词不定式中的动词是不及物动词,需加上相应的介词。如:
I have no room to live in.
There is nothing for me to worry about。 三、动词不定式和分词均可作宾语补足语
动词不定式作宾语补足语时,表示动作已经发生,动作的全过程已经结束。如: I heard him knock at the door three times.(=I heard he knocked at the door three times (动作的全过程已经结束)
现在分词作宾语补足语时,表示动作正在进行.如:
I heard him knocking at the door。(= I heard he was knocking at the door。(动作正在进行)
过去分词也可以作宾语补足语。如:
I found the glass broken。(= I found the glass was broken.)
注意:动词不定式作宾语补足语时,在动词make,let,have,see,notice,hear,watch, observe,feel,listen to等后面要省略不定式符号to。如: I hear him play.
The teacher made him do the exercises again。
help后的动词不定式作宾语补足语时,不定式符号to可加可不加。如: He often helps me to study English in his spare time。 当这些动词变为被动语态时,原不定式必须加上to。如: He was seen to repair the machine。 四、动词不定式和动名词均可作宾语
1.下列动词后只能跟不定式作宾语: hope, agree, decide, manage, wish, refuse, dare, promise等.如:
He has promised to lend me the dictionary.
2。下列动词后只能跟动名词作宾语: enjoy, finish, avoid, practise, mind, escape, excuse, suggest, consider(考虑), give up, can't help等。如: He wants to give up smoking。
They practise speaking English every day.
3。在动词remember,forget,regret,stop,try等后面跟动词不定式或动名词时,意义上有所差别。如:
He forgot telling me the news.他忘了曾经告诉过我这个消息。 He forgot to tell me the news.他忘了要把这个消息告诉我。 五、动词不定式和分词均可作状语
不定式作状语通常表示\"目的\"或”程度\";分词作状语通常表示”伴随情况\"。\"时间”或”原因”等。如:
He went to the library to borrow a book (表目的) The boy sat at the desk reading a book。(表伴随情况) 六、动词不定式和动名词均有复合结构
不定式的复合结构:for sb.(not) to do sth。
动名词的复合结构:名词所有格或形容词性物主代词+动名词。如: It's important for us to learn English well。 He prided himself upon his dancing.
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