句子的成分与基本句型-人教版(新目标)知识精讲

初一英语寒假专题——句子的成分与基本句型人教版（新目标）

【本讲教育信息】

一. 教学内容：

寒假专题——句子的成分与基本句型

Hello! Everyone. 经过初中半年的英语学习，同学们对英语学习已经掌握了一定的方法，同学可能已经意识到了学习英语不光背单词、练口语很重要，掌握英文的语法知识也非常重要，它是我们提高听、说、读、写能力的重要保证。今天我们就句子的成分和基本句型进行分析，以提高我们的外语水平，更好地理解英文文章的内容。

一、句子的成分：

在英文中句子成分包括：主语、谓语、表语、宾语（直接宾语、间接宾语）、宾语补足语、定语和状语等。

（一）主语：主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首。如： （1）Comrade Chen is a well-known scientist. 陈同志是著名的科学家。（名词作主语） （2）He reads newspapers every day. 他每天读报。（代词作主语） （3）Smoking is harmful to the health. 吸烟对健康有害。（动名词作主语）

（4）To swim in Kunming Lake is a great pleasure. 在昆明湖里游泳是非常愉快的事。（不定式作主语） （5）What we shall do next is not yet decided. 下一步我们做什么还没定下来。（主语从句作主语）

（二）谓语

说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”。谓语（谓语部分里主要的词）必须是动词。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。它在主语后面。 如：His parents are teachers. （系动词和表语一起作谓语） We study hard.

（行为动词作谓语）

We have finished reading the book. （助动词和行为动词一起作谓语） He can speak English.

（情态动词和行为动词一起作谓语）

（三）宾语

宾语是动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任，它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。一般放在谓语之后。 She is doing her homework now.（名词作宾语）

She said（that）she felt sick.（宾语从句作动词宾语） We often help him.（代词作宾语）

He likes to play basketball.（不定式作宾语）

用心 爱心 专心

We enjoy listening to the music. 我们喜欢听音乐。（动名词短语作宾语）

说明1：宾语是及物动词涉及到的人或物，宾语一般放在及物动词之后。介词后面的名词或代词或动名词，称为介词宾语。名词、代词、数词常在句中做动词宾语或介词宾语。另外，动词不定式可作动词宾语；动名词和宾语从句也可用作动词宾语。

说明2：及物动词作谓语时，后面要跟宾语。宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象，直接宾语指物，间接宾语通常是及物动词的动作所及的人，间接宾语指人。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前。

不是所有的及物动词都可以用双宾语。有的动词可以跟。如：give, show（给„„看），bring, pass, buy等。如：

（1）Our teacher told us a story.

（us为间接宾语，a story为直接宾语。） （2）The sun gives us light and warmth.

（us为间接宾语，light and warmth为直接宾语） （3）We sent him a telegram. 我们给他打了电报。

（him为间接宾语，a telegram为直接宾语） 间接宾语如果放在直接宾语之后，在表示“人”的间接宾语之前会出现介词“to”或“for”。在这种情况下，间接宾语前加“to”的有： give, show, send, bring, read, pass, lend, leave（留给）, hand（交给）, tell, return, write, throw（扔）, promise（答应）, refuse（拒绝）等。

加“for”的有：make, buy, do, get, play（演奏）, order（命令）, sing, pay（为„„交钱） 例如：（1）I gave him a book. 改成：I gave a book to him.

（2）He passed me the book.（他将书递给我。） 改成：He passed the book to me. （3）He wrote me a letter. 改成：He wrote a letter to me. （4）He will buy me some books. 改成：He will buy some books for me. （5）She made me a cake. 改成：She made a cake for me.

（四）宾语补足语

在某些及物动词后面，需要用一个宾语再加一个宾语的补语才能表达完整的意思。在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征的成分，称为宾语补足语。名词、形容词、副词、介词短语以及动词不定式、分词等可用作宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语称为复合宾语。 如：They made her happy.（形容词） I saw her dance.（不定式）

We’ll help make the Olympics a success.（名词） Please let him in.（副词）

We heard her singing a song.（分词短语）

（五）表语

用心 爱心 专心

表语说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”，由名词、形容词、副词、介词、不定式及相当于名词或形容词或短语来担任。它的位置在系动词后面。 如：I am a teacher.（名词） He is always happy.（形容词）

They are on the playground now.（介词短语） It gets cold.（形容词）

系动词除了有am，is，are还有get（变得），sound（听起来），seem（看起来），feel等特殊的词。

如：It sounds interesting.（sound为系动词，interesting为表语）

（六）定语

定语是用来修饰名词或代词的。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不等式或相当于形容词的词或短语等。

单词作定语时，通常放在它所修饰的名词之前。 如：The black bike is mine.（形容词） 这辆黑色的自行车是我的。 What’s your name?（代词）

They made paper flowers.（名词）

说明1：当定语修饰不定代词，如：nothing, anything, everything, something等时，定语要放在其后作后置定语。

如：I tell him something interesting. 我告诉他一些有趣的事情。

（形容词interesting作不定代词something的后置定语） He has something to do. 他有一些事情去做。（to do为不定式作后置定语）

说明2：短语或从句作定语时，也放在被修饰的名词之后。 如：The boys in the room are in Class Four. 这间屋子里的男孩子们是4班的。

in the room是介词短语作the boys的后置定语。

（七）状语

修饰动词、形容词、副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。状语一般放在句末，但有的可以放在句首、句中。

如：He did it carefully.（副词） We often help him.（副词）

Her mother goes out to do some shopping on Sunday.（介词短语） When I grow up, I am going to be a teacher.（从句作时间状语） He sat there.（副词地点状语）

二. 简单句的五种基本句型 简单句有五种基本句型： A. 主语+不及物动词 如：The sun rises. 太阳升起来。

用心 爱心 专心

The car stopped. 小汽车停下来了。

rise和stop都是不及物动词，因此后边不必加宾语。 B. 主语+及物动词+宾语 如：I love my country. He helped me.

I like action movies. I bought a book.

C. 主语+系动词+表语

Her brother is a driver.

We feel happy.（feel为系动词，表示感到„„） It gets dark.天黑了。（get为系动词，表示变得） Tom looks ill. Tom看上去病了。 （look为系动词，表示看上去）

D. 主语+及物动词+双宾语（直接宾语、间接宾语） He gave Tom a present.（双宾语） 他给汤姆一件礼物。

Mother made a new dress for me.（双宾语） 妈妈为我做了一件衣服。

E. 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语 They call her Mary.（宾补） 他们叫她Mary。

We make our classroom clean and tidy.（宾补） 我们使我们的教室干净而整齐。 He always makes us laugh.（宾补） 他总使我们笑。

【模拟试题】（答题时间：80分钟）

句子成分

一. 写出下列句子的种类。如果是疑问句，请写出它是什么类别的疑问句。 1. He has finished his work.

2. Have you done your homework?

3. What did you study in that school last year? 4. Don’t waste your money like that! 5. How long have you lived in this city? 6. John can’t lift this heavy box. 7. Is it the right answer? 8. What a beautiful car it is!

9. How often do you go to the cinema? 10. It is getting warmer, isn’t it? 11. Let’s go.

12. Do be careful!

13. How slowly she walks!

14. Will you go home or play basketball?

用心 爱心 专心

15. My goodness!

二. 写出划线部分的句子成分。

1. Lily is cleaning the desk now. 2. Her garden is the best in our town. 3. Liu Ming is thirteen years old. 4. I like this book very much. 5. The girl on the blue bike is Jane’s sister.

6. She didn’t come to my party because she was ill. 7. Wang Ping does his homework carefully. 8. We will go to the Children’s Palace once a week. 9. They are in the classroom. 10. It sounds good. 11. His name is Paul. 12. We always go to school early.

三. 选择填空

1. Linda often _________ her homework in the evening, but this evening she ________ TV now.

A. does, watches B. is doing, watches C. does; is watching

2. __________ is today? It’s Monday. A. When B. What C. What day

3. There are four foreign teachers in our grade. They are all from ____________. A. Canada B. French C. Japanese 4. My pen pal can _________ the piano very well. A. play B. plays C. playing 5. My parents and I like __________ music. A. listen B. listening C. listening to 6. Where’s Sharon? I can’t find her anywhere.

She’s __________ with her art teacher in the art club. A. paint B. painting C. paints 7. Mike speaks Spanish, _________ not much. A. and B. but C. so

8. My cousin likes romances, ___________ she likes cartoons, too. A. but B. or C. and 9. _________ is the second month of the year. A. March B. February C. September 10. It’s ten o’clock in the evening. Let’s ___________. A. go to school B. have lunch C. go to bed

用心 爱心 专心

四. 排序

（ ）Yes, I do.

（ ）What kind of movies do you like? （1）Do you want to go to a movie?

（ ）I don’t like tragedies, but I like comedies. （ ）What about you? （ ）I like science fictions.

五. 完形填空

（A）

Fox is an eight-year-old boy. He is a good boy. He does ____1____ in all his lessons. He ____2_____ school and he is always active（积极的）in class. Every time the teacher asks a question, Fox always ____3____ his hand quickly. Sometimes his answer is ____4____, but the teacher always smiles（微笑）and says, “Good, Fox. But _____5_____ a better answer to my question?” Yesterday（昨天）afternoon, the teacher asked the boys and girls a question. “Swallows（燕子）fly to the south before winter _____6____,”he said. “But why don’t cats and dogs do ______7_____?”

Fox lifted（举）his hand ______8______ usual. “Yes, Fox?”said the teacher _____9_____.

Fox stood（站）up and said, “_____10____ they have no wings（翅膀）.” （ ）1. A. good B. hard C. well D. bad （ ）2. A. loves B. likes a C. goes to a D. enjoys （ ）3. A. gets up B. puts on C. gets on D. puts up （ ）4. A. right B. wrong C. easy D. hard （ ）5. A. has B. is there C. are there D. have （ ）6. A. will come B. is coming C. comes D. is going （ ）7. A. different B. these C. the same D. with （ ）8. A. as B. at C. for D. in （ ）9. A. happy B. glad C. happily D. angrily （ ）10. A. Why B. Because C. That D. Where

（B）

Fruit is good for people, 1 people like it very much. Many people 2 some fruit every day. Mr. and Mrs. Black 3 fruits so much that Mrs. Black often goes to the 4 to buy all kinds of fruits. The man in the shop knows her well and 5 her a lot. She can buy all kinds of 6 there, apples, oranges and bananas. In different time of the year, the price of fruits is 7 . Mrs. Black tries to buy good fruits but cheap ones. Mr. Black 8 likes bananas, so Mrs. Black buys bananas 9 him every week. She only 10 cheap ones. （ ） 1. A. so B. and C. but D. or （ ） 2. A. make B. do C. eat D. play （ ） 3. A. look B. like C. feel D. have （ ） 4. A. shop B. bank C. school D. home （ ） 5. A. brings B. gives C. tells D. helps

用心 爱心 专心

（ ） 6. A. food （ ） 7. A. high （ ） 8. A. only （ ） 9. A. from （ ） 10. A. buys B. fruits B. good B. also B. with B. likes

（C）

C. vegetables C. different C. even C. to C. has D. meat D. terrible D. never D. for D. sells

It’s a great day to say hello!

On November 21, you have to do one thing -- 1 “hello” to everybody you meet. Why? 2 it is World Hello Day! People all over the 3 will try to say “hi” to at least ten people.

World Hello Day 4 in 1973. At that time, Israel （以色列） and Egypt （埃及） were fighting a war （战争）. The 5 was used as a way to 6 stop the war.

A “hello” might be 7 , but it could help bring peace （和平）. The more people say hello to each other, the less they will 8 .

So, go out and say hello 9 people you do not usually talk to. Or you could learn how to say “hello” in a new 10 ! 1. A. say B. write C. listen D. read 2. A. And B. But C. Because D. Then 3. A. country B. world C. city D. town 4. A. took B. started C. found D. made 5. A. year B. month C. week D. day 6. A. help B. let C. want D. like 7. A. hard B. funny C. easy D. boring 8. A. work B. play C. learn D. fight 9. A. to B. at C. for D. with 10. A. movie B. sport C. language D. school

用心 爱心 专心

试题答案

一. 写出下列句子的种类。如果是疑问句，请写出它是什么类别的疑问句。 1. 陈述句 4. 祈使句

2. 一般疑问句 5. 特殊疑问句 8. 感叹句 11. 祈使句

3. 特殊疑问句 6. 否定句 9. 特殊疑问句 12. 祈使句 15. 祈使句

7. 一般疑问句 10. 反意疑问句 13. 感叹句

14. 选择疑问句

2. 定，状

二. 写出划线部分的句子成分。 1. 主，谓，宾，状 3. 表

5. 定，定 9. 表 三. 选择填空 1. C

2. C 7. B

3. A 8. C

4. A 9. B

5. C 10. C

6. B 四. 排序

4. 谓，宾，状 6. 谓，状 8. 谓，状 10. 表 12. 状，状

7. 谓，宾，状 11. 定，表

2 3 1 6 5 4 五. 完形填空

（A） 1. C 2. A 3. D

4. B 5. B 6. C

7. C 8. A 9. C

10.B

（B） 1. A 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. D 6. B 7. C 8. A 9. D 10. A （C） 1. A 2.C 3.B 4.B 5.D 6.A 7.C 8.D 9.A 10.C

用心 爱心 专心