自学考试学位英语语法详细讲解

1、主语：是句子要说明的人或物，可以作主语的成分有名词，主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！

1）Mr. Lee

is a well-known scientist.

名词作主语2）He reads newspapers everyday. 代词作主语

3）Two and ten

is twelve.

数词作主语

4）Smoking is harmful to the health. 动名词作主语

5）To swim in that pool is a great pleasure. 动词不定式作主语6）What we shall do next is not yet decided.

从句作主语

2、谓语：

说明主语的动作，状态或特征

1）The new term begins on the 1st of September.

2）His father

is

an engineer.

3）She seemed happy. 4）Li Hua

showed me his album.

3、宾语：指的是及物动词涉及到的人或物1）Wang Ling lent

me a novel

to read in the bus.

2）The medicine is good for a cold.

3）How many pieces

do you want?

4）My little sister always likes to ask questions.

5）Would you mind coming earlier tomorrow?

6）He asked

me what I was going to do tonight

4、宾语补足语：在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征。1）The government appointed（任命）her

chief delegate

（首席代表）2）I don‘t believe the story true. 3）You should put your things in order

（有序）. 4）The doctor advised her to stay in bed for a week. 5）We saw the pupils playing basketball.

5、表语：位于系动词如be之后，说明主语身份，特征，属性或状态。1）Wang‘s father is

a doctor.

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to the conference.

2）He is always careless.

on.

on the playground now. win more medals. teaching French.

who can really repair the machines.

3）The basketball match is 4）All the pupils are 5）Our aim is to 6）His work is 7）The question is

还有位于以下系动词后面的词，我们也称之为表语：表示感官的：look--fxgr--seem觉起来）：

He looks

disappointed

（形容词作表语）他看起来很失望。

垃圾很难闻。

（形容词作表语）。

天变得越来越

（看起来）、sound（听起来）、smell（闻起来）、taste（尝起来）、feel（感

The rubbish smells terrible.

表示变化的：get、become、turn（变得）。It becomes hotter and hotter热了。

6、定语：是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，翻译常用‘Tom is a

handsome boy. The

two

boys are students. in the classroom

here

,,的’表示。

His boy needs The boy needs There is nothing This is the

Tom's pen. The boy a ball

to do

needs a pen of yours.

pen. The best boy today. The

is Tom.

bought by his mother.

smiling boy needs a pen

new dictionary which I bought yesterday.

7、状语：状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。

1）She sings

quite well.

2）On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. 3）He sits there,

asking for a pen.

to do his homework.

I will read some story-books.

4）The boy needs a pen 5）If I have some spare time,

8、同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：We students should study hard.We all are students.

（all

（students是we的同位语，都是指同一批‘学生’）是we的同位语，都指同样的‘我们’）

学位英语语法基础知识：词法分析

1.转化法

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-构词法

把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法，学位英语最常考的是形容词转化为名词。表示颜色的形容词常可

你在葬礼中该穿黑色衣服。

转化为名词：You should be dressed in black at the funeral.

I want to write in red. 某些形容词如

我想用红笔写字。

old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等与the连用，表示一类人，作主语时，谓语用复数。

The old in our village are living a happy life. 2.派生法1）前缀

我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。

除少数前缀外，前缀一般改变单词的意义，不改变词性；后缀一般改变词类，而不引起词义的变化。（1）表示否定意义的前缀常用的有常构成与该词意义相反的新词。例如：

appear出现→disappear消失，correct停下→non-stop不停。

（2）表示其他意义的前缀常用的有同），en-（使），inter-a-（多构成表语形容词），

anti-（反对；抵抗），auto-（自动），co-（共

tele-（强调距离）等。例如：

互联网 reuse

正确的→incorrect

不正确的，lead带领→mislead领错、误导，stop

dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-等，在单词的前面加这类前缀

（互相），re-（再；又），sub-（下面的；次；小），防毒气的 autochart 电话

自动图表 cooperate

alone 单独的 antigas 再用 subway 地铁 telephone

2）后缀

合作 enjoy 使高兴 internet

英语单词不仅可以通过加前缀构成新词，也可加后缀构成新词。后缀通常会改变单词的词性，构成意义相近的其他词性；少数后缀还会改变词义，变为与原来词义相反的新词。

（1）构成名词的后缀常用的有（一,,），

-ian （精通,,的人），

-ence，-(e)r/

-ist

-or （从事某事的人），

-ese （某地人），-ess （雌性），-ful

-tion

（专业人员），-ment （性质；状态），-ness （性质；状态），

（动作；过程）等。例如：

differ

不同于→difference

作家

区别

write写→writer

Japan日本→Japanese日本人

act表演→actress女演员→action动作、行为care细心→caerful

仔细的、认真的

music音乐→musician音乐家（2）构成动词的后缀常用的有wide→widen加宽beauty→beautifypure→purifyreal→realize

提纯意识到

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-(e)n （多用于形容词之后），-fy （使,,化），-ize （使,,成为）。例如：

美化

organ→organize组织（3）构成形容词的后缀常用的有

-al，-able （有能力的），-（a）n（某国人的），-en （多用于表示材料的名

（像,,

词后），-ern （方向的），-ese（某国人的），-ful，-（ic）al，-ish，-ive，-less （表示否定），-like 的），-ly，-ous，-some，-y （表示天气）等。例如：

nature自然→natural

自然的

reason道理→reasonable有道理的America美国→American美国的China中国→Chinese中国人的gold金子→golden金的east东→eastern东方的child

孩子→childish

孩子气的

snow雪→snowy雪的（4）构成副词的常用后缀有-ly（主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度），

之后表示方向）。例如：

angry生气的→angrily生气地

to到→towards朝,,east东方→eastward向东

3.合成法1）合成名词

名词＋名词 weekend周末名词＋动词 daybreak黎明名词＋动名词 handwriting书法

名词＋介词＋名词

editor-in-chief

总编辑

动词＋名词 typewriter

打字机

动名词＋名词 reading-room阅览室现在分词＋名词 flying-fish

飞鱼

形容词＋名词 gentleman绅士副词＋动词outbreak爆发2）合成形容词

名词＋形容词 snow-white

雪白的

名词＋现在分词 English-speaking讲英语的

名词＋to＋名词 face-to-face

面对面的

名词＋过去分词 man-made人造的

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-wards）（主要用于表示方位的词

（数词＋名词＋形容词 two-year-old两岁的数词＋名词＋ed five-storeyed五层的

形容词＋名词 high-class

高级的

形容词＋名词＋ed noble-minded高尚的

形容词＋形容词 light-blue浅蓝色的

形容词＋现在分词

good-looking

相貌好看的

副词＋形容词 ever-green

常青的

副词＋现在分词 hard-working勤劳的副词＋过去分词 well-known著名的

副词＋名词 fast-food专门提供快餐服务的介词＋名词 downhill下坡的

3）合成动词

名词＋动词 sleep-walk

梦游形容词＋动词 white-wash粉刷

副词＋动词 overthrow推翻

4）合成副词

形容词＋名词 hotfoot

匆忙地

形容词＋副词 everywhere

到处

副词＋副词 however尽管如此介词＋名词 beforehand事先

介词＋副词 forever

永远

学位英语语法基础知识：词法分析

-副词、形容词

1.形容词及其用法

1）表语形容词只能作表语，

这类形容词没有级的变化，

也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于

这一类。例如：afraid，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake 等。

2）形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时，要放在这些

词之后。例如：something nice.

2.以-ly结尾的形容词

大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly仍为形容词。

3.用形容词表示类别和整体

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，

1）某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接，如poor，the blind

，the hungry

等。例如：

穷人行将失去希望。

the dead，the living，the rich，the

The poor are losing hope.

2）有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词的复数连用，如the French，the Chinese

等。例如：

英国人颇有幽默感。

the British，the English，

The English have wonderful sense of humor. 4.形容词与副词的比较级

常见的双音节或多音节词，在前面加

more，most来构成比较级和最高级

important/ easily more important/ more easily most important/ most easily 5.as + 形容词或副词原级1）在否定句或疑问句中可用

+as

so,as.例如：

他没你跑得快。

as的前面。例如：

He cannot run so/as fast as you.

2）用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时，放在This room is twice as big as that one. Your room is the same size as mine. 3）倍数+ as + adj. + as

这房间的面积是那间的两倍。你的房间和我的一样大。

例如：

这座桥的长度是那座的三倍。

倍数+ the , + of.

This bridge is three times as long as that one. This bridge is three times the length of that one. Your room is twice as large as mine. Your room is twice the size of mine. 6.可修饰比较级的词

你的房间是我的两倍大。

常用的有a little, rather, much, far, many等

Nanjing is a little/rather/much/far/ hotter than Shanghai. 如果后接名词时，

much more +不可数名词，many more +可数名词复数。

I have many more books than Tom.

There is much more water in the south than in the north. 7. the +

最高级 + 比较范围

the，副词最高级前可不用。例如：

撒哈拉沙漠是世界上最大的沙漠。

1）形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词

The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world.

形容词most前面没有the，不表示最高级的含义，只表示“非常”。例如：It is a most important problem. =It is a very important problem. 2）by far

一般修饰最高级

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这是个很重要的问题。

This question is by far the most difficult in this exercise. 注意：最高级的意义有时可以用比较级表示出来。例如：Mike is the most intelligent in his class.

马克是班上最聪明的。

这道题是这个练习里最难的。

Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class. 马克是班上最聪明的。

8. 和more有关的词组the more,the more,

越,,越,,。例如：

The harder you work, the greater progress you'll make. 越努力，进步越大。

学位英语语法基础知识：词法分析

-连词重点用法

1.表示并列关系的连词有：and, both,and,, not only

, but also

,和

neither,1)and的特别用法：祈使句后连接

and，有条件句作用，此时

and=if you,, you'll

,

Go straight on, and you'll see the library.=If you go straight on, you will see the library. 2)both,and,既,也,，（两者）都，A、both,and,谓语动词一般用复数。Both Jim and Kate are from England. B、both,and,否定句表示部分否定。Both my father and my mother aren't doctors.我的父母只有一个人是医生。

3)neither

,nor,

既不,也不，

neither,nor,连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词靠近哪个主语就与哪个主语保持“人称”和取就近原则。Neither I nor he has seen the play before.

4)not only,but also,

不但,而且，

not only

,but also

,连接两个主语后的谓语动词也遵循就近原则。

Not only the mother but also the children are ill. 2.表示转折关系的连词有：

but, however, yet, still

，while等。

Mary was a nice girl, but she had one shortcoming. Tom got up early, yet he failed to catch the train. He was very tired, still he kept on walking.

Your composition is fairly good, however, there is still some room for improvement. Jane is hard working ,while her sister is quite lazy. 3.表示选择关系的并列连词有：

or, either

,or,, whether, or,等。

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nor,

“数”的一致，即采

1)or：或、否则A:基本用法or 表示“或”

的意思，使用于两者之中选择一个的时候。

----Is your friend English or American? ----American. He doesn't like dumplings or noodles. B:特别用法祁使句后连接

or，表“如果，,否则,”,有转折的意思，此时

or =if you don't

,, you'll

,

Hurry up, or you'll be late.=If you don't hurry up, you'll be late. 2)eitherA. either就近原则。

Either you or I am right. Does either she or they like English? B. 由either,or,引导的否定句是完全否定。She isn't either a student or a teacher. 3)whether,or,不管,还是，

She is always cheerful, whether at home or at school. 4.表示因果关系的并列连词有：

for（因为），so（所以）。

,or,:或者,或者，

; 不是,就是,；要么,要么，

,谓语动词靠近哪个主语就与哪个主语保持

“人称”和

“数”的一致，即

,or,连接两个并列主语时

He is not at school today, for he has a bad cold. It was late, so I went home. 5.引导时间状语从句的从属连词有：

before, after, when, while, as, till, until, since, as soon as

After they had planted their crops, they took a rest. We have learned six lessons since he began to teach us. As soon as he gets to Beijing, he'll call me.

1) as 表示“当,,时”，引导一个持续性动作，多用于主从句动作同时发生，强调“一边as he walked.

2)until

用法：当主句谓语动词是延续性动词时，主从句都用肯定式，译为“直到

,,为止”；当主句谓语动词

,,一边”。

He sang

是瞬间动词时，主句用否定式，从句用肯定式，即

Mr. Green waited until his children came back.

not,until，译为“直到,,才”。

（格林先生一直等到他的孩子们回来）

（格林先生直到他的孩子们回来才睡觉）

Mr. Green didn't go to bed until his children came back.6. 引导条件状语从句的从属连词有：

if（如果），unless（除非，如果,,不）等。

If you don't go soon, you'll be late.=Unless you go soon, you'll be late. 7.引导原因状语从句的从属连词有

because, as, since

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等。

because“因为”语气最强，回答why提问时只能用“既然”语气不如because强，引导的从句常置于句首；其引导的分句常置于句末且用逗号隔开。

He didn't go to school because he was ill. As it was raining, we went there by bus. Since everybody is here, let's begin.

It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet. 注意：because与so不能同时使用。8.引导让步状语从句的从属连词有：

because，其引导的从句可放在句首或句末；as“由于”、since

for是并列连词，语气最弱，对前面分句加以解释或补充说明，

although/though（虽然，尽管），even though/if（即使）

Although/ Though it is a very young country, it is very rich. Even if/ though you were here yesterday, you couldn't help him. 注意：although/though

引导的从句不能与

so that

but连用，但可与和in order that

yet, still

连用。

9.引导目的状语从句的从属连词有（以便，为了）等。

The teacher spoke loudly so that /in order that we could hear him clearly. 10.引导结果状语从句的从属连词有：

so that（结果是）和

so/such,that,（如此,以至于）等。

It was very cold, so that the water in the bowl froze. He got there so early that he got a good seat. It is such a heavy box that nobody can move it. 11.引导比较状语从句的连词：I know you better than she does. He works as carefully as she. I can't run as/so fast as you.

注意：在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，如果主句是将来时，从句要用一般现在时。I'll go on with the work when I come back tomorrow. He won't come unless he is invited.

as,as,（与,一样），

not as/so

, as,（不如），

than（比）等。

学位英语语法基础知识：词法分析

1.名词复数的不规则变化

1）由一个词加man或woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是

-名词

-men和-women，如an Englishman, two Englishmen.

two dollars;

a meter, two meters.

\"The

2）除人民币的元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如：a dollar,

3）以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。例如：Arabian Nights\" is a very interesting story-book.

《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事书。

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2.复合名词复数形式的构成

1）通常把-s加在复合名词的中心词上Brother-in-law

——brothers-in-law

（堂兄弟们、连襟们）、

editor

in chief——editors

in chief（主编们）

2）将复合名词的后一个词变为复数Boy-friend

——boy-friends

、tooth-brush

——tooth-brushes

（牙刷）

3）两个部分都变为复数，尤其是指性别时

Man doctor——men doctors、woman teacher——women teachers、man writer—men writers 3.数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。例如：two-dozen eggs a ten-mile walk two-hundred trees a five-year plan. 4.名词的格

英语中有些名词可以加the boy's bag

\"'s\"来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，

如：a teacher's

book、-s ，

两打鸡蛋十英里路两百棵树一个五年计划

男孩的书包，men's room 男厕所，the children's parens

工人的斗争。

's，则表示“分别有”；只有一个（一间）

孩子的父母。若名词已有复数词尾

只加\"'\"，如：the workers' struggle

如果两个名词并列，并且分别有rooms（两间）John and Mary's room

's，则表示‘共有’，例如：John's and Mary's

学位英语语法基础知识：词法分析

1. a用于辅音发音开头的词前，如：useful machine, an umbrella, a \"u\

2.指上文提到过的人或物，earth.

3.表示人体部位的名词前用

。

-冠词基本用法

an apple，an hour. 请区别：a

a book；an用于元音发音开头的词前，如：

用定冠词the；指世界上独一无二的事物前用定冠词the. 如：the sun, the moon, the

the：The mother took the little girl in the hand and patted her on the head.

母亲执着小女孩的手，轻轻地拍着她的头。

4.the用于序数词，表方位的名词和形容词最高级前。5.在复数姓氏前加

the first, the best , in the south.

the Browns；用于形容词之前表示一类人或事物：

the，表示××一家人，常看成复数。如：

（假的东西）

；

the poor（穷人）、the false

6．用于乐器名称前7.不能用定冠词

play the piano

the的几个方面：

in summer, in August

（1）在节日、星期、月份、季节、年等词前不用冠词。如：（2）一日三餐和球类运动名不用冠词。如：

have breakfast, play football

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（3）一些固定词组中，如：go to bed, go to school, by bus, at night.

8.在有些词组中，有冠词和无冠词意思不同，请注意区别：in front of in the front of in hospital

在,,前面

在,,范围内的前部（生病）住院

在医院里

in the hospital

学位英语语法基础知识：词法分析

1）倍数表示法

a. 主语+谓语+倍数（或分数）+ as + adj. + as.I have three times as many as you.

例如

-数词用法

我有你三倍那么多。

,) of,。例如：

49倍。

b. 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ the size (amount, lengthThe earth is 49 times the size of the moon.

地球是月球的

c. 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ 形容词（副词）比较级+ than,。例如：

今年比去年粮食产量增加

1时，分子的序数词用单数，分母序数词

8%.

The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year. 2）分数表示法的构成：基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母。分子大于用复数。例如：

1/3 one-third; 3/37 three and three-sevenths.

学位英语语法基础知识：时态

1）经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语：例如：

I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 2）客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。例如：The earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China. 3）表示格言或警句。

例如：Pride goes before a fall. 注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，the earth is round.

骄者必败。地球绕太阳转动。

上海位于中国东部。

-一般现在时

every,, sometimes, at,, on Sunday.

每天早上我七点离开家。

即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例：Columbus proved that

哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。

4）现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如：I don't want so much.

我不要那么多。

- 11 -

Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。

学位英语语法基础知识：时态

a. 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如：They will have been married for 20 years by then.

-将来完成时

到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。

b. 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如：You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.

明天此时，你已经到达上海了。

学位英语语法基础知识：时态-过去完成时

by, before等介词短语或一个如：

（1）表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。可以用时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。

By nine o'clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship. 到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到

200张飞船发来的图片。

（2）表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和用。例如：

I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. 当车来的时候，我在车站已等了

20分钟。

for, since构成的时间状语连

He said he had worked in that factory since 1949. 他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。

（3）叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。例如：

Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine. 史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。

I didn‘t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson. 我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。

（4）在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。I returned the book that I had borrowed. She found the key that she had lost.

我已归还了我借的书。她丢失的钥匙找到了。

例如：

（5）过去完成时常常用在宾语从句（或间接引语）中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。例如：。

He said that he had known her well. I thought I had sent the letter a week before.

他说他很熟悉她。

我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。

- 12 -

（6）在包含有when, until等连词的复合句中。例如：

我醒来时雨已停了。

她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。

等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，希望，打算

When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.She didn't go to bed until she had finished he work.（7）动词think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend或意图等。例如：

They had wanted to help but could not get there in time. 他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。We had hoped to be able to come and see you. （8）过去完成时还可用在等固定句型中。例如： .

我们本来希望能来看看你。

(second, etc) time (that),

hardly,when,, no sooner,than,, It was the first

Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him. No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.

他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。

他刚到就又走了。

学位英语语法基础知识：时态

a.现在完成时可表示过去发生的动作对现在所产生的影响，yet等副词。如：

Someone has broken the window.I've just finished reading the novel.Have you seen the doctor yet? 注：already和yet用法上的区别

already常用于肯定句，置于句中。yet常用于否定句和疑问句，暗示惊讶的心情。

有人把窗户打破了。

我刚刚读完这本小说。

你看过医生了吗？

-现在完成时

但句中常出现

already, just,

后面通常不用时间状语，

常用于句末。但already有时也可用语疑问句中

b.现在完成时也可表示从过去某时开始的动作，状态一直持续到现在，常和如：I have learned English for 5 years. He has lived in Beijing since he was born. 注：

（1）for和since引导的时间状语的区别：（2）表示继续的现在完成时也可和years,, this week (month, year

for, since引导的时间状语连用。

for + 一段时间，since + 一点时间从句（从句中常用一般过去时）。

lately, recently, so far, up to now, till now, in the past (last) few

等时间状语连用。

,), all day, all this week

如：Tom has had a toothache all day.I haven't heard from him recently. （3）现在完成时也可表示从过去到现在曾经经历过或做过的事情，常和once, ...times

等时间状语连用。如：

.

He has read this book before.

often, ever, never, before,

I've never been to Beijing.难点释疑：

我从没去过北京。

- 13 -

1.点动词与延续性动词的区别

所谓点动词是指含有终止或短暂意义的动词。如：等动词。它们通常不与表示一段时间的状语连用。如：

I have bought a book.

我买了一本书。 .

这本书我已经买了三星期了。

begin, end, die, buy, borrow, come, arrive, join, marry

I've had this book for three weeks.2.have got

的含义

have got形式上是现在完成时，却和have是同一个意思

她有点发烧。

She has got a slight temperature. She has a slight temperature.3.用于现在完成时的句型It is the first/second time

,that,结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。例如：

这是我第一次访问这城市。这是我第一次听他唱歌。

It is the first time that I have visited the city. This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing.

学位英语语法基础知识：时态

1）表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。例如：She'll be coming soon.

她会很快来的。

-将来进行时

I'll be meeting him sometime in the future. 2）常用的时间状语有tomorrow evening

等。

将来我一定去见他。

soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days,

例如：By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach. 明天此时，我正躺在海滩上呢。

注意：“主将从现原则”，主句用将来时，从句用一般现在时（代替一般将来时）When, as soon as, if

，等引导的时间状语从句，条件句中，用一般现在时代替将来时。例如：

他一到北京，就去看他姨妈,,

He is going to visit her aunt t when he arrives in Beijing.

学位英语语法基础知识：时态-过去进行时

过去进行时表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作，常和表过去的时间状语连用，如：I was doing my homework at this time yesterday. They were expecting you yesterday. 难点释疑：

when作并列连词，表示“（这时）突然”之意时，第一个并列分句用过去进行时，过去时。如：

I was taking a walk when I met him.

我正在散步，突然遇见了他。

- 14 -

昨天的这个时候我正在做作业。

他们昨天一直在等待。

when引导的并列分句用一般

We were playing outside when it began to rain. 我们正在外边玩，这时下起雨来了。

学位英语语法基础知识：时态

a.表示现在（指说话人说话时）正在发生的事情。例如：We are waiting for you.

我们正在等你。

-现在进行时

b.习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。例如：Mr. Green is writing another novel. c.表示渐变，这样的动词有：The leaves are turning red. It's getting warmer and warmer. d.与always, constantly, forever色彩。例如：

You are always changing your mind.

你老是改变主意。

他在写另一部小说。（说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。）

等。例如：

get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin叶子在变红。

天越来越热了。

等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观

学位英语语法基础知识：时态

1）shall如：

Which paragraph shall I read first? Will you be at home at seven this evening? 2）be going to +

不定式，表示将来。

我先读哪一段呢？

用于第一人称，常被

will

所代替。will

-一般将来时

在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例

今晚七点回家好吗？

a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。例如：b. 计划，安排要发生的事。

What are you going to do tomorrow?

例如：The play is going to be produced next month. c. 有迹象要发生的事。

例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 3）be +to表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如：We are to discuss the report next Saturday. 4）be about to +

这出戏下月开播。

看那乌云，快要下雨了。

我们下星期六讨论这份报告。

动词原形，意为马上做某事。例如：

他马上要去北京。

He is about to leave for Beijing. 注意：

1、一般现在时表示将来

- 15 -

1）下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时

间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如：

The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。

When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开？十分钟后。

2）在时间或条件句中。例如：When Bill comes

（不是will come

）, ask him to wait for me.

比尔来后，让他等我。

I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里，就写信给你。

2、用现在进行时表示将来下列动词come, go, arrive, leave等现在进行时可以表示将来：

I'm leaving tomorrow.

明天我要走了。

学位英语语法基础知识：时态

-一般过去时

1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：时间状语有：

yesterday,

last week, an hour the other day, in 1982

等。例如：

Where did you go just now?

刚才你上哪儿去了？

2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。例如：When I was a child, I often played football in the street.

Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome. 那时，布朗一家无论什么时候去，都受到热烈欢迎。3）句型：It is time for sb. to do sth“到,,时间了”“该,,了”例如：It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。

It is time that sb. did sth. “时间已迟了”“早该,,了”

例如It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示“宁愿某人做某事”

例如：I'd rather you came tomorrow.

还是明天来吧。

学位英语语法基础知识：情态动词

1、can

1）表能力时意味着凭体力或脑力或技术等可以无甚阻力地去做某事。I can climb this pole.

我能爬这根杆子。

He is only four, but he can read. 他只有4岁，但已认得字了。

2）表示推测语气的用法时，

can只能用于疑问句和否定句，用于否定句的时候必须要有充分的理由说明。如：

- 16 -

ago,

Can he be at home? No, he can't be at home, because I met him in the street just 5 minutes ago. 他可能在家吗？不，他不可能在家，因为我5分钟之前才在街上遇到他。

2、may (might)

1）表示请求、可以、允许。You may drive the tractor. 你可以开那台拖拉机。2）表建议（可和

as well

连用）

You may (might) as well stay where you are. 你还是原地待着好。（

may as well

有“还是,,的好”的含义）

3）表可能（事实上）。可以指过去时间，也可以指现在时间，但语气更加不肯定，只能用于肯定句和否定句。He may be at home.

他可能在家。

She may not know about it.

她可能不知道这件事。

He was afraid they might not agree with him. 他担心他们可能不同意他的意见。

They might be having a meeting, but I'm not sure. 他们有可能在开会，不过我不肯定。

3、must

1）表示必须、必要

We must do everything step by step. 我们必须按部就班地做一切事情。2）must 的否定式有两个：当回答由must引起的问题时，否定答复要用

needn't

或don't have to表示“不必”、

3）表示推测语气的用法，意为“准是、一定”等，只用于肯定句，并且要有充足的理由说明。He must have passed the exam, because he looked so happy. 他一定通过考试了，因为他看起来如此的开心。4. have to

have to的含义与must是很接近的，只是have to 比较强调客观需要，

must着重说明主观看法。

I must clean the room.

（主观想法）I have to clean the room.（客观需要）

另外，have to 能用于更多时态：We had to be there at ten.

我们得在十点钟到那里。

We will have to reconsider the whole thing. 这一切我们将不得不重新加以考虑。

have to 的否定式：don't have to do 表示“不必做,,”之意。

5、would1）表意愿。

They would not let him in because he was poorly dressed.

他们不让他进去因为他衣着破旧。

- 17 -

“无须”、“用不着”

I said I would do anything for you. 我说过我愿意为你做任何事。

2）表过去反复发生的动作或过去的一种倾向。

Every time she was in trouble, she would go to him for help. 她每遇到麻烦都会向她求助。他告诉我盒子打不开了。6、ought to

表义务，意为“应该”（因责任、义务等该做），口气比You are his father. You ought to take care of him. You oughtn't to smoke so much. 7、used to

表示过去的习惯动作或状态，现在不复发生或存在。疑问式和否定式有两种。He used to live in the countryside, but now he lives in the city.

There used to be a building at the street corner, but it has been pulled down. 街道拐角处过去有座楼房，现在拆了。I usedn't (didn't use) to smoke.

我过去不抽烟。

你过去常步行去学校吗？

他过去住在乡下，现在住在城里。

你不应该抽这么多烟。

should稍重。

你是他父亲，应当管他。

Used you (Did you use) to go to school on foot? 难点释疑：

（一）need和dare的用法比较

need和dare既可用作情态动词，也可用作实义动词。用作情态动词时，主要用于否定句和疑问句。用作实义动词时，可用于各种句式。

1.用作情态动词

You needn't telephone him now. I don't think you need worry. She dare not go out alone at night. Not one of them dared mention this. 2.用作实义动词

You don't need to do it yourself. We need to tell them the news.

你不必亲自做这件事。我们需要把这消息告诉他们。

桌子需要油漆一下。我们要敢于提出自己的观点。

你现在不必打电话给他。我想你不必发愁。

她晚上不敢一个人出去。他们谁也不敢提这件事。

The table needs painting (to be painted). We should dare to give our own opinion. He did not dare (to) look up.

他不敢抬头看。

（二）情态动词后跟完成式和进行时的用法

- 18 -

1.情态动词后跟完成式，表“应当已经I should have finished the work earlier.

,,”，“想必已经,,”，“本来可以,,”等意。

我应当早一点完成这项工作的。

他还未到，一定是没赶上火车。

He isn't here. He must have missed the train. Where can (could) he have gone? You may (might) have read about it. You could (might) have been more careful. He needn't have worried about it. There was a lot of fun at yesterday

他能到那里去了呢？

你可能在报上已经读到这件事了。

你本来可以更细心的。

他本不必为此事担心。

‘s party. You ought to have come, but why didn't you?

昨天的聚会非常有意思。你本应该来，为何不来呢？2. 情态动词后跟进行时，表示“想必正在It‘s twelve o

,,”，“可能正在,,”，“应当正在”等意。

现在是十二点。他们一定正在吃饭。

’clock. They must be having lunch.

They may be discussing this problem now. 他们可能正在论讨这个问题。

学位英语语法基础知识：被动语态

（I）被动语态的构成被动语态的形式是由“助动词变化。各种时态的被动语态形式如下：

1.一般现在时 am/is/are+V人们利用电能运转机器。

People use electricity to run machines. Electricity is used to run machines. Is electricity used to run machines? Yes, it is . / No, it isn't. 2.一般过去时 was/were + V昨天我们在山坡上种了许多树。3.一般将来时 will/shall +be+V下星期我们将举行一场运动会。

（p.p）

Many trees were planted on the hill yesterday. （p.p）

A sports meeting will be held next week.

（p.p）

（p.p）

be+动词的过去分词”构成。助动词

be随着主语的人称，数，时态和语气的不同而

4.过去将来时 should/would +be+V

他告诉我们人们将在他家乡建一个大水坝。

We were told that a big reservoir would be built in his hometown. 5.现在进行时 am/is/are +being+V他正在油漆房子。

（p.p） .

He is painting the house. A house is being painted.

Is the house being painted? Yes, it is. / No, it isn't .

- 19 -

6.过去进行时 was/were +being+V（p.p）

当我进厨房时，她正在做蛋糕。

A cake was being made when I came into the kitchen.

7.现在完成时 have/has +been+V（p.p）他已经结束工作了。

He has finished his work. His work has been finished.

8.过去完成时 had +been+V（p.p）

到上个月为止，他们已经把这本书翻译成了英语。

The book had been translated into English by the end of last month. 9.将来完成时will have +been+V

（p.p） .

2,000 words will have been learned by the end of next year. 注：

1.含有情态动词的谓语变成被动语态时，用“情态动词+be+V（p.p）”构成。如：

The machine must be operated with care. 2.含有\"be going to\等结构的谓语，变成被动语态时，分别用

\"be going to +be +V(p.p)\"

+be+V(p.p)\"。如：

The problem is going to be discussed at the meeting. （II）由动词短语形成的被动语态

一般情况下，只有及物动词才能跟宾语，而不及物动词不能跟宾语，所以只有及物动词才有被动语态，不及物动词则没有被动语态。但有些不及物动词后面跟上介词或副词后，变成一个动词短语，相当于一个及物动词，就可以形成被动语态。

约翰打开了收音机。John turned on the radio. The radio was turned on.

奶奶照看我姐姐。

Grandma takes care of my sister. My sister is taken care of by Grandma.

注：千万不要遗漏介词或副词。难点释疑：主动形式表被动意义

在下列情况中，谓语形式是主动的，但具有被动的含义。The food tastes delicious. 这种食物尝起来很可口。The idea sounds good. 这个主意听起来不错。The apples sell well. 这些苹果很好卖。The clothes wash well. 这些衣服很好洗。

一些固定句型表示被动含义a. be worth doing sth The film is well worth seeing.

这部电影很值得一看。

- 20 -

和\"be to

b. have/ get sb/sth done haveI had my watch stolen.

作使役动词没有被动语态，但可用这种结构表被动或使役。

我的手表被偷了。

c. sth need/want/require doing=sth need /want/require to be done The room needs cleaning.=The room needs to be cleaned.

这间房屋需要打扫。

学位英语语法基础知识：不定式

1. 不定式的构成1）不定式的一般式

不定式的一般式所表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。如：They invited us to go there this summer. He stood aside for me to pass. 2）不定式的完成式

不定式的完成式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，定语等。如：

She seemed to have heard about this matter. I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long.

她似乎已听说过这件事。我很抱歉让你等了这么久。

它在句中可作表语、状语、宾语，有时也可作主语、

他们邀请我们今年夏天去那儿。

他站到一边让我通过。

I meant to have told you about it, but I happened to have an important thing to do. 我本来想告诉你这件事的，但我碰巧有一件重要的事要做。

It has been an honor for me to have traveled so much in your country. 对我来说，在你们国家旅行这么多地方是一件很荣幸的事情。3）不定式的进行时

.

不定式的进行时表示正在进行的与谓语动词同时发生的动作。它在句中可以用作除谓语以外的所有成分。如：He pretended to be listening to the teacher carefully. 4）动词不定式的否定形式是由Try not to be late again next time. He wished us never to meet her again. 5）疑问词+动词不定式： . 不定式和疑问词

whether, what, which, whom, where, when, how, why

等连用可以在句中起名词的作用，通常

等动词后面作宾语，

not或never加不定式构成。

尽量下次不要再迟到。

他希望我们永远不要再见到她。

他假装在认真地听老师讲课。

跟在tell, know, show, decide, learn, wonder, explain, advise, teach, discuss, find out有时也可以充当主语、表语等。如：

On hearing the news, he didn't know whether to laugh or to cry. 听到这个消息，他不知道该哭还是该笑。

- 21 -

When to hold the meeting has not decided. 什么时候开会还没有决定。

最重要的事情是如何搞到这么多钱。

The most important problem is how to get so much money. 介词后一般不直接接不定式，但可以接疑问词Mary gave some advice on how to learn English. I have no idea of how to do it. 2. 不定式的语法作用1）不定式作主语：

To see once is better than to hear a hundred times. To master a foreign language is not an easy thing. 在很多情况下，人们通常用

+不定式短语作宾语。如：

玛丽提了一些如何学习英语的建议。

我不知道该怎么做。

百闻不如一见。

掌握一门外语不是一件容易的事。

it作为形式上的主语，而把不定式短语移到谓语之后，使句子显得平稳一些。如：

排队等候是很有礼貌的。

听到他那样跟他妈妈说话我们很生气。

It‘s good manners to wait in line.

It made us very angry to hear him speak to his mother like that. 2）不定式作表语：

The most important thing is to put theory into practice. The greatest happiness is to work for the happiness of all.

最重要的事情是把理论付诸实践。

最大的幸福就是为大家的幸福而工作。

I feel it a great honor to be invited to speak at the meeting before so many students. 我觉得被邀请在会上面对这么多学生发言是一件很光荣的事情。4）不定式作补语

①不定式可以和名词或代词一起构成复合结构作动词的宾语，这时不定式被称为宾语补足语。如：I would like you to help me with my English exercises. I never expected the shoes to be worn out so soon. 注意：动词help后面接不定式作宾语或宾语补足语可以带Who can help me (to) carry this heavy box? ②在make, let, have不带to.

I often hear her sing in the next room.

我经常听到她在隔壁唱歌。

等使役动词和

我想请你帮我做英语练习。我从来没想到鞋这么快就穿破了。to也可以不带to.如：

谁能帮我拎这个重箱子？

等感官动词后的复合宾语中，动词不定式

see, watch, notice, hear, feel

They make the baby go to bed at 7:00 p.m. every day. 他们每天让孩子晚上

7:00上床睡觉。

to.如：

尽管

注意：当使役动词和感官动词变为被动语态时，不定式就成了主语补语，作主语补语的不定式必须加Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister. 他经常弄哭他的小妹妹，但今天他却被他的小妹妹弄哭了。

- 22 -

He is often heard to sing the song. 经常有人听到他唱这首歌。

等构成谓语的句子中，动词不定式通常

③以be said, be reported, be known, seem, happen, prove, appear也可看作主语补语。如：

More than 20 people were reported to have been killed in the accident. 据报道，有20多个人死于事故。

I happened to be talking with him when he was hit by a car. 他被汽车撞的时候，我碰巧在和他谈话。5）不定式作状语：

.

不定式作状语可以表示行为的目的、结果、原因、条件等。①不定式作目的状语，有时也可以用

in order (not) to, so as (not) to

结构。如：

In order to protect the young plants from the sun, Mother put them in the shade. 为了保护幼苗不被太阳晒坏，妈妈把它们放到了阴凉处。

He got up very early this morning so as not to be late for school again. 今天早上他起身很早以免上学再迟到。②不定式作结果状语，常见的结构有

too,to, enough,to, so,as to, such

,as to, only to

,等。

The question is too difficult for me to answer.

He said he was clever enough to deal with it by himself. Will you be so kind as to turn down the radio? He woke up only to find himself in hospital.

对我来说，这个问题很难回答。

他说他足够聪明可以独自应付这件事。

请你帮我把收音机调低一点好吗？他醒来发现自己在医院里。

③不定式作原因状语，通常用来修饰表示情感、心理状态、性格等的形容词。They are surprised to learn of his death. We are proud to be young people of new China. hard, difficult, easy, fit, comfortableThe water is not fit to drink.

The room is very comfortable to live in. 3. 不定式的复合结构

It‘s expensive for people to use electricity for cooking. It‘s careless of you to make such a mistake.

人们用电做饭是很昂贵的。

你犯这样的错误真是粗心。

他们认为我们要在黑暗中找

得知他死亡的消息，他们很惊讶。

成为新中国的青年，我们感到很骄傲。

等词也可以接动词不定式。如：

这水不适合饮用。

这个房间住起来很舒服。

They thought it impossible for us to find the lost child in the darkness. 到迷路的小孩是不可能的。

难点释疑：

- 23 -

1. 不定式不带to的规则：

前面我们已经谈到，在一些使役动词和感官动词后的不定式作宾语补语时，种情况请大家注意：

①在why引起的一些疑问句中，疑问词直接跟动词原形或Why spend so much money? 为什么花这么多钱？Why not let her have a try?

为什么不再让她试一试？

had best（最好，顶好），（只得），cannot help but

would rather

（宁可，宁愿），

would rather

,

not+动词原形。如：

不定式符号to常常省略，下面还有几

②在had better（还是,,最好），than（宁可,,而不,,），（不得不，必然），原形。如：

You‘d better listen to your teacherI would rather work than stay idle.

cannot choose but

would sooner（宁可，宁愿），would sooner,than（宁可,,而不,,），

（不得不）等结构后直接跟动词原形或

cannot butnot +动词

’s opinion. 你最好听一听老师的看法。

我宁愿工作而不愿闲坐。

Rather than ride on a crowded bus, he always prefers to ride a bicycle. 他宁愿挤公共汽车也不愿骑自行车。Liu Hulan would sooner die than surrender.

刘胡兰宁死不屈。

One‘s world outlook cannot but come through in what one says and does. 一个人的世界观必然在他的言行中表现出来。③在介词but, except

之前如有动词

do的任一形式，其后的动词不定式不用

to.如：

Last evening I did nothing but repair my farm tools. 昨晚上我除了修理农具外，没有做其它的事情。

Now there was nothing he could do except admit defeat. 如but 之前没有do，其后的不定式则一般要加I‘m afraid we have no choice but to take a taxi. They desired nothing but to succeed. 2. for somebody to do

他们只想成功。

的用法区别：

如：important,

possible,

to.如：

恐怕我们别无选择，只好乘出租车了。

现在他只有认输。

和of somebody to do

句型“It is +形容词+for somebody+不定式”中的形容词通常强调不定式的行为属性，impossible, necessary, difficult, hard, reasonable

It's difficult for us to finish the work within two hours. It's reasonable for them to run away so quickly.

等。

我们要在两小时之内完成工作是很难的。

他们这么快就逃跑了是很有道理的。

如：kind, silly,

good, unwise, clever,

“It is +形容词+of somebody+不定式”中的形容词表示人物性格和特征。等。

It's kind of you to think so much of us.

难为你这么为我们着想。

- 24 -

wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, rude, impolite, bold, thoughtful, honest, bad, sensible, naughty

It's silly of the boy to keep pouring water into the basket. 这个男孩真傻，一直往篮子里倒水。

学位英语语法基础知识：关系副词引导的定语从句

1.when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。

I still remember the day when I first came to this school. The time when we got together finally arrived. October 1,1949 was the day when the People人民共和国成立的日子。

Do you remember the years when he lived in the countryside with his grandparents. 你祖父母一起生活的那些年吗？

2.where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。Shanghai is the city where I was born.

上海是我出生的城市。

我十年前住的房子已被拆掉了。

我参观了那个饲养了许多奶牛的农场。这是他们当初打敌人的地方吗？

你还记得在农村和

我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。。

我们团聚的时刻终于到了。‘s Republic of China was founded. 1949

年10月1日是中华

The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. I visited the farm where a lot of cows were raised. Is this the place where they fought the enemy? 3.why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。

Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. The reason why he was punished is unknown to us. I don't know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词

请告诉我你误机的原因。他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。

我不知道他今天为何看上去不愉快。

+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。

如：From the years when / in which he was going to primary school in the country he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up.

自从他在农村读小学时，他就已经知道长大后要做什么。

他们生活的城市正发生巨大的变

Great changes are taking place in the city where / in which they live. 化。。

The reason why / for which he refused the invitation is quite clear. 分明了的。

他为什么拒绝接受邀请的原因是十

学位英语语法基础知识：介词

关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词The school (which/that) he once studied in is very famous. The school in which he once studied is very famous.

+关系代词引导的定语从句

+关系代词”引出。

他曾经就读过的学校很出名。

Tomorrow I'll bring here the magazine (which/that) you asked for. Tomorrow I'll bring here the magazine for which you asked.

- 25 -

明天我将把你要的杂志带来。

This is the boy (whom/who/that) I played tennis with yesterday. This is the boy with whom I played tennis yesterday.

这是我昨天跟他打台球的男孩。

We'll go to hear the famous singer (whom/who/that) we have often talked about. We'll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked. 名歌唱家演唱。

注意：

1.含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：This is the watch (which/that) I am looking for.This is the watch for which I am looking .

（误）

（正）那个保姆照看的小宝宝们

look for, look after,

take care of 等。

我们将去听那位我们经常谈论的著

（正）这是我正在找的手表。

The babies (whom/who/that) the nurse is looking after are very healthy.都很健康。

The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy.2.若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用可用that.关系代词是所有格时用

whose.

（正）

（误）

whom，不可用who, that；关系代词指物时只可用which，不

The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour.The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour.The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable.服。

The plane in that we flew to Canada was really comfortable.3.“介词+关系代词”前还可有词。

你刚才跟他谈话的那个人是我的邻居。（误）

（正）我们去加拿大所乘坐的飞机实在很舒

（误）

等代词或者数

some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few

如：He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. 他深深地爱着他的父母，他们俩待他都很好。。

In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. 篮子里有好些苹果，有些已经坏了。

There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities. 我们班总共有

40个学生，大多数来自大城市。

迄今为止，他写了

10

Up to now, he has written ten stories, three of which are about country life. 部小说，其中

3部是关于农村生活的。

学位英语语法基础知识：关系代词引导的定语从句

1.who指人，在定语从句中作主语。

The boys who are playing football are from Class One.

- 26 -

正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。

Those who want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning. 必须在明晨7点到大门口集合。

Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way. That is the teacher who teaches us physics. 2.whom指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。Mr Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus. Li Ming is just the boy (whom) I want to see. The professor (whom) you are waiting for has come. The girl (whom) the teacher often praises is our monitor. 注意：关系代词

whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用

昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。

那就是教我们物理的老师。

想去博物馆的人

刘先生就是你们在公共汽车上谈论的那个人。

李明正是我想要见的男孩。

你正在等的教授已经来了。

老师经常表扬的那个女孩是我们的班长。

who来代替，也可省略。

The man (whom/who) you met just now is my old friend.

3.Which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。Football is a game which is liked by most boys.

The factory which makes computers is far away from here. He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers. The house which is by the lake looks nice. This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.

足球是大多数男孩所喜欢的运动。

制造计算机的那家公司离这很远。

他喜欢外国作家写的书。

湖边的那幢房子看上去很漂亮。这是他昨天买的钢笔。

The film (which they went to see last night was not interesting at all. 他们昨晚看的电影一点意思也没有。4.That 指人时，相当于

who 或whom；指物时，相当于

which.在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。

每年来参观这

The number of people that / who come to visit this city each year reaches one million. 座城市的人数达一百万。

Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning

The person that /whom you introduced to me is very kind. The season that / which comes after spring is summer. Yesterday I received a letter that / which came from Australia. 5.Whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country. He has a friend whose father is a doctor. I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in. 注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替：

- 27 -

？我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿？

你介绍给我的那个人很友好。春天以后的季节是夏季。

昨天我收到了一封来自澳大利亚的信。

我拜访了一个全国知名科学家。

他有一个爸爸当医生的朋友。

我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。

The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired. Do you like the book whose cover is yellow? Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow?

学位英语语法基础知识：定语从句-定义及相关术语

1.定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。2.先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。

3.关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有whose, as等；关系副词有

when, where, why

等。关系词通常有三个作用：

that, which, who, whom,

B、代替先行词；C、

该句中who is

代替先行词the man，

A、引导定语从句；

在定语从句中担当一个成分。例如：shaking hands with my father在定语从句中作主语。

The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.

是定语从句，修饰先行词the man，\"who\"是引导定语从句的关系词，

学位英语语法基础知识：宾语从句

（1）从属连词that.如：He told us that he felt ill. I know he has returned.

他对我们说他感到不舒服。

我知道他已经回来了。

（that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时，

that

I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.不能省略。）对他我一无所知，只知道他是南方人。

（2）从属连词if/whether.

如：I doubt whether he will succeed. I don't know if you can help me.

我怀疑他是否会成功。我不知道你能否帮助我。

（3）Who or what he was, Martin never learned.他是什么人？他是干什么的？马丁根本不知道。要你来。

（4）介词宾语从句

宾语从句也可用作介词的宾语。如：

He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day. 他对那天发生的事感到很不快。I am curious as to what he will say.

我很想知道他要说什么。

I'll tell you why I asked you to come.

我会告诉你我为什么

Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it. 你是否成功将主要取决于你做什么和怎样做。

- 28 -

难点释疑：

1.如果宾语从句后还有宾语补足语，则用

it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置。

如：We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday. 我们认为小王昨天没来是奇怪的。

He has made it clear that he will not give in. 他已表明他不会屈服。

2.He is a good student except that he is careless. 他是一个好学生，只是有点粗心。3.连词whether (,or not)

或if引导的宾语从句

whether常和or not连用，if一般不与or not连用。I wonder

if和whether引导的宾语从句可以互换使用，但whether it is true or not.

4.宾语从句的否定转移。在却不用否定形式，而将

我不知它是真是假。think,

believe,

suppose, expect等动词后的宾语从句，有时谓语尽管是否定意思，

think等动词变为否定形式。

我认为你错了。

我相信他们还未完成他们的工作。

I don't think you are right.

I don't believe they have finished their work yet. I don't suppose he cares, does he? 5.宾语从句的时态变化规律：

（1）当主句是一般现在时态时，从句可根据需要用任何时态。

我想他不在意，是吗？

（2）当主句是一般过去时态时，从句只能使用过去范围内的任何时态。但客观真理除外。The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.

老师说地球绕着太阳运行。

学位英语语法基础知识：表语从句

1.定义：用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。2.构成：关联词+简单句3.引导表语从句的关联词的种类：(1) 从属连词that.

如：The trouble is that I have lost his address. (2) 从属连词whether, as, as if.

如：He looked just as he had looked ten years before. The question is whether they will be able to help us. 注：从属连词

if一般不用来引导表语从句，但

as if

他看起来还与十年前一样。问题是他们是否能帮我们。

却可引导表语从句，如：麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。

All this was over twenty years ago, but it's as if it was only yesterday.

- 29 -

这都是20多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一样。能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词如：It looked as if it was going to rain.

be, seem, look

等。

看起来天要下雨了。

(3)连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 连接副词where, when, how, why.

如：The problem is who we can get to replace her. The question is how he did it.

问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。

问题是他是如何做此事的。

那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。

That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 难点释疑：

1.连词because可引导表语从句。

如：I think it is because you are doing too much.

我想这是因为你做得太多。

谓语动词用虚拟语气。should+动词原形表示，should

2.在一些表示“建议、劝说、命令”的名词后面的表语从句中，可省略。

My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow.

我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。

学位英语语法基础知识：主语从句

1.定义：用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。2.构成：关联词+简单句3.引导主语从句的关联词有三类：（1）从属连词that.

如：That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them. 们确是亲姐妹，她们的脸型很相似。

（2）从属连词whether。如：Whether he'll come here isn

’t clear.

他是否会来这里还不清楚。

很明显，她

（3）连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 连接副词where, when, how, why.What she did is not yet known.

如：

她干了什么尚不清楚。

这事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。

How this happened is not clear to anyone. Whoever comes is welcome.

不论谁来都欢迎。

Wherever you are is my home-my only home. 难点释疑：1.主语从句能用

it作形式上的主语。常以

你所在的任何地方就是我的家——我唯一的家。

it作形式主语的句型有：

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A. It+be+形容词(obvious, probable, etc.)+that

true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain,

从句。如：

毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。很可能他把一切都告诉她了。

从句。如：It's

It is certain that she will do well in her exam. It is probable that he told her everything.

B. It+be+名词词组(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.)+thata pity that we can't go.

很遗憾我们不能去。

我们没赢这场比赛真意外。

It's no surprise that our team should have won the game.

C. It+be+过去分词(said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged, etc.)+that如：

It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing.

据说格林先生已经到了北京。

从句。

It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit. 发射了一颗人造地球卫星。

D. It+seem, happen

等不及物动词及短语

+that从句。如：

似乎不来参加晚会。

据报道中国又成功地

It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all. AliceIt happened that I was out that day. E. 当主语从句出现在感叹句中时，要以

碰巧我那天外出了。

it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。如：

孩子们这么安静真奇怪！

等引导主语从句的含义：

来的人将受到欢迎。他所做的事情是正确的。

How strange it is that the children are so quiet! 2.注意连接代词

whoever, whatever, whichever

Whoever comes will be welcome. (whoever=the person who) Whatever he did was right. (whatever=the thing that)

Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize. (whichever=anyone of you who) 你们当中不论哪个进来将会得到奖励。

学位英语语法基础知识：状语从句

1.时间状语从句：在时间状语从句中，

要注意时态一致，一般情况下主句是将来时的时候，

从句要用一般现在时。

As / When I came home, I met an old schoolmate of mine. I'll ring you up as soon as I get an answer from him. Once you see him, you will never forget him.

Whenever we met with difficulties, they came to help us. Each time he came to town he would visit our school. Every time I went to his house, he was out. It is just a week since we arrived here.

我回家的时候遇到了我的一位老同学。我一有他的答复就给你打电话。

你一旦见过他，就不会忘了他的。

每当我们遇上困难的时候，他们就来帮我们。他每次进城，总要来看看我们的学校。

我每次去他家，他都出去了。（It is /was

- 31 -

, since,是常用句型）

我们到这儿刚刚一星期。（主句的动作或状态持续时间较短，不能用Things went well until/till one night an accident happened. 2.地点状语从句地点状语从句是由

where（在,,的地方），

ever since）

事情一切正常，直到有一天晚上发生了意外。

wherever（无论哪里）引导的：

武汉位于长江和汉水汇合处。

Wuhan lies where the Yangtze and the Han River meet. Where there is a will, there is a way.

有志者，事竟成。

（这里where引导的从句不是定语从句）哪儿有问

You'd better make a mark where you have any questions.题，你最好在哪儿做个记号。

He would keep in touch with us wherever he was. 3.原因状语从句

表示原因的状语从句可以由that（顾及到），seeing that

I do it because I like it.

他无论在什么地方，总与我们保持联系。

as（由于），because（因为），since（既然），now （that）（既然），considering （由于）等连词引导：

因为我喜欢我才干。（

because不能与so连用）

由于好些人都没到会，

Seeing (that) quite a few people were absent, we decided to put the meeting off. 我们决定延期开会。

Now that/Since you are all here, let's try and reach a decision. 决定吧。

As she was ill, she didn't come to the party.

由于病了，她没来参加晚会。

既然大家都来了，咱们就设法做出一个

Considering that they are just beginners, they are doing quite a good job. 们干得算很不错的了。

4.目的状语从句

引导目的状语从句的主要连词有：

考虑到他们才刚刚学做，他

that, so that（以便）, in order that（为了）, for fear that（以便）, in

can, could, may, might, should

等。如：

case（万一）等，从句中常常使用一些情态动词，如：

Let's take the front seats (so) that we may see more clearly. 我们坐前排吧，这样我们看得更清楚些。

School was closed early in order that the children might go home ahead of the storm. 了让孩子们在暴风雨到来之前回家。

He took the name down for fear that he should forget it. （该从句中一般用情态动词

should+动词原形，或省略

should）

最好多带些衣服以防天气会冷。

他把名字写下省得忘了。

早点儿放学是为

Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold. 5.结果状语从句

引导结果状语从句的连词有：（如此,,以致,,）等。

- 32 -

so that（从句中不带情态动词），so,that（如此,,以致,,），such,that

He didn't plan his time well, so that/so he didn没按时完成这项工作。

We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door. 容词，后接名词）

The village is so small that it cannot be shown in the map. 词，后接形容词或副词）

Jenny is such a

clever girl

that all

’t finish the work in time. 他没把时间计划好，结果

我们走得匆忙，把门都忘了锁了。（such是形

这村子太小，所以这地图上没有。（so是副

the teachers like her very much = Jenny is so clever a girl that,

Jenny是如此聪明的女孩，以至老师们都非常喜欢她。

但是，当名词前有

many, much, few, little

（少）修饰时，要用

so，不能用such。例如：

我摔了许多跤，以至于浑身青一块，紫一块。

他朋友很少，所以经常感到孤独。

我当时囊中羞涩，连一份小小礼物

I have had so many falls that I am black and blue all over. He has so few friends that he often feels lonely.

I had so little money then that I couldn't afford a little present. 都买不起。

6.条件状语从句

表示条件的状语从句可以由far as（就,,而言），

if（如果），unless（除非），in case（万一），so /as long as（只要），as/ so

that（条件是,,），

suppose（假设），supposing（假设）（仅用在问句中）

on condition

等词或词组引导。一般情况下当主句是将来时的时候，从句要用一般现在时。

As/So long as we don't lose heart, we'll find a way to overcome the difficulty. 们就能找到克服困难的方法。

Send us a message in case you have any difficulty.

万一有什么困难，请给我们一个信。

如果你明早6点钟走，你最好

只要我们不灰心，我

If you leave at 6 o'clock tomorrow morning, you'd better get to bed now. 现在就上床。

We'll let you use the room on condition that you keep it clean and tidy. 让你使用这个房间。

As/So far as I know, he is an expert on DNA.

据我所知，他是一个

只要你能保持整洁，我们可以

DNA专家。

他会接受这项工作的，

He'll accept the job unless the salary is too low/ if the salary is not too low. 除非薪水太少/如果薪水不太少的话。

Suppose/Supposing we can't get enough food, what shall we do? 办？

7.方式状语从句方式状语从句常由

as（与,,一样），

as if

（仿佛）， as though（仿佛）等词引导：

让一切顺其自然。

假设我们弄不到足够的食物，那我们怎么

Do in Rome as the Romans do.She stood at the door as if

入乡随俗。Leave things as they are.

（=as though） she were waiting for someone.

as if

或 as though

- 33 -

她站在门口，仿佛在等人似的。（由引导的从句中可用虚拟语气）

8.比较状语从句比较状语从句常由

than（比）， as（与,,一样）等词引导：

上海下的雨比北京的多。我们的国家同整个欧洲一样大。

结果不如我预料的那么好。

（常见句型）他越忙越开心。

It rains more often in Shanghai than in Beijing.Our country is as big as the whole of Europe.The result was not as/so good as I had expected.The busier he is9.让步状语从句让步状语从句由

， the happier he feels.

although（尽管），though（尽管），however（无论怎样），whatever（无论什么），whoever

（无论谁），whomever（无论谁），whichever（无论哪个），whenever（无论何时），wherever（无论哪里），whether（是否），no matter (who, what, where, when, etc)引导。如：

We won't be discouraged even if (=even though) we fail ten times. It was an exciting game, though / although no goals were scored. 进。（though， although

不能与 but连用）

不管你信不信，这是真的。

无论它有多贵，我也要买下它。

不管他们是谁，别让他们进来。

无论我说什么或怎么说，他总认为是我们就是失败十次也不泄气。那是一场精彩的球赛，尽管一个球都没

（无论,,），

even if（即使），even though（即使）等词

Whether you believe it or not, it's true.

However (=No matter how) expensive it may be, I'll take it. Don't let them in, whoever(=no matter who) they are.

No matter what I say or how I say it, he always thinks I'm wrong. 我错。

连词as也可以引导让步状语从句，但从句中要用特殊语序。如：Young as he is, he knows a lot=Though he is young 多。

难点释疑：

1.当hardly, scarcely, no sooner

或Young though he is, he,他虽然年轻，但懂得很

位于引起的句子的开头时，常用倒装语序。

No sooner had he arrived there than he fell ill.

Hardly had he finished when someone rose to refute his points. Scarcely had she fallen asleep when a knock at the door awakened her. 面常用过去完成时，后面用一般过去时。

2.if

和unless的用法

这三组关联词引起的句子中，前

一般情况下，unless相当于if,not，可以互换。如：

I won't let you in unless you show me your pass = I won't let you in if you don't show me your pass. 如果你不出示通行证，我就不让你进来。

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学位英语语法基础知识：同位语从句

1.定义：用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句。2.用法：同位语从句的先行词多为多用从属连词

that.

对你生病这件事，他们都很焦虑。

fact, news, idea, thought, question, reply, report, remark

等，关联词

如：They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick. Where did you get the idea that I could not come?

你在哪儿听说我不能来？

德国已对宣战的消息一大

Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia. 早就传来了。

连接代词who, which, what

和连接副词where, when, why, how

亦可引导同位语从句。

谁该干这项工作，这个问题需要考虑。

到哪儿去度暑假，

The question who should do the work requires consideration.

We haven't yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation. 这个问题我们还没有决定。

It is a question how he did it.难点释疑：1.that

引导的同位语从句与定语从句之区别。

那是一个他如何做了此事的问题。

that引导的同位语从句that只起连接从句的作

句法功能

用，无意义。在从句中不

上

充当句子成分。不可省。意义上

从句是被修饰名词的内容。

that引导的定语从句

that替代先行词在从句中不仅起连接作用，还充当一个句子成分。如在从句中作动词的宾语时可省略。从句起限定作用，是定语

（同位语从句，that不可省。）李先生将

The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true. 是我们的新英语老师这个消息是真的。

The news (that) he told me yesterday is true. told的宾语，可省。）

他昨天告诉我的消息是真的。（定语从句，that在从句中作

2.一些表示“建议、命令、要求”的名词后所跟的同位语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气should可省。

如：This is our only request that this (should) be settled as soon as possible. 求：尽快解决这个问题。

should+动词原形表示。

这就是我们唯一的请

学位英语语法基础知识：虚拟语气

一、虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法

在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气，现将其形式列表如下：

- 35 -

动词形式时间与现在事实相反与过去事实相反与将来事实可能相反

从句主句

）+）

动词过去式（be的过would（could/should/might去式用were）动词原形

would（could/should/might

had+动词过去分词

+have过去分词动词过去式

should+动词原形were to+动词原形

would（could/should/might动词原形

）+

1.表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果。如：

If I were you, I should (would ,could, might) tell him the truth. （事实上我不是你）

If she had time, she would (could, might) help me. 2.表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果。如：

If I had known your telephone number yesterday, I should (would, could, might) have telephoned you. 如果昨天我知道了你的电话号码，我就会给你打电话了。（事实上我昨天不知道你的电话号码。）

If you had taken my advice, you wouldn't (couldn't) have failed in the exam. 就不会考试不及格。（事实上你根本没听我的。）

3. 表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果。如：If it should rain, the crops would (could, might) be saved. 注：在表示与将来事实可能相反的条件从句中，

were to +

假如天下雨，庄稼可能就收获了。

动词原形比较正式，常用于书面语中。

如果你听了我的建议，你

如果她有时间，她就会帮我了。（事实上她没有时间）

要是我是你，我就会告诉他了。

If you were to go to Beijing, you would (could, might) have a chance to visit Tian An Men Square. 二、虚拟语气的其它用法

1.虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法。

在\"It is important (strange, natural, necessary) that

,\"这类句型中，that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动

词常用“(should)+动词原形”结构，表示某事是“重要”，“奇怪”，“自然”，“必要”等意义。如：It is important that every Beijinger (should) be able to speak English.

重要的是每个北京人能说英语。

It is necessary that he (should) be sent to hospital at once. 2.虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法。

（1）在动词wish后的宾语从句中，表示与现在或过去的事实相反，a.表示对现在情况的虚拟：从句动词用过去式或过去进行时（I wish I knew the answer to the question.

或对将来的主观愿望，从句通常省略连词

that。

有必要马上把他送医院。

be的过去式用were）表示。如：

我希望知道这个问题的答案。（可惜不知道。）

但愿我的家乡四季如春。（只是愿望，实际根本

I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.不可能实现。）

b.表示对过去情况的虚拟：从句动词用

had+过去分词。如：

- 36 -

I wish (that) I hadn't wasted so much time. He wishes (wished) he hadn't lost the chance. 惋惜。）

c.表示对将来的主观愿望：谓语动词形式为

我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。（实际上已经浪费掉了。）他真希望没有失去机会。（事实上机会已经失去了，他感到

“would/should/could/might+动词原形”，此时要注意，主句的主

语与从句的主语不能相同，因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实现，取决于从句主语的态度或意愿（非动作名词除外）。如：

I wish it would stop raining. I wish you would be quiet.

但愿雨能停止。我希望你安静一些。

（2）在suggest（建议），demand（要求），order（命令），propose（建议），insist（坚持要做），command（命令），request（要求），desire（希望）等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用议，要求，命令等。如：

I suggest that we (should) start the meeting at once.

The undergraduate insisted that he (should) go to work in the south. 去工作。

注：当suggest表示暗示，主语为

something；insist

表示坚持观点时，后接的宾语从句当用真实语气。比较：

他的沉默暗示着他赞成我的决定。他建议我坚持自己的决定。

他坚持认为做早操对健康有益。

他坚持他每天都要早操。

我建议马上开会。

这位即将毕业的学生坚持要到南方“(should)+动词原形”，表示建

His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision. He suggested that I (should) stick to my decision.

He insists that doing morning exercises does good to people's health. He insists that he (should) do morning exercises every day. 3.虚拟语气在表语从句中的用法。当主语为advice, suggestion,

order, proposal等词时后接表语从句，表语从句中的谓语动词常用“(should)+

动词原形”结构，表示某人建议、劝告、命令等的内容。如：

My advice is that you should practise speaking English as often as possible. 地练习说英语。

The order from the commander was that the troops should set off for the front immediately. 命令是立即开拔去前线。

4.特殊的虚拟语气结构。（1）虚拟语气用在状语从句中

由as if 或as though引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时，从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气。动词形式用动词的过去式(be→were)或had+过去分词。如：

The teacher treats the student as if he were her own child. 这位老师带这位学生就象她的亲生孩子一样。He speaks as if he had been to the United States.

他说得好象他真的到过美国似的。

司令官的

我的建议是你尽可能经常

- 37 -

（2）在It is time (that) ,; I'd rather (that),句型中从句的谓语动词常用动词的过去式表示虚拟语气，/希望”。如：

该我们做些什么制止污染的时候了。

该父亲去幼儿园接莉莉的时候了。

意思是“该干某事了，时间已经有些晚了”“我宁愿

It is time that we did something to stop pollution.

It is time that Father picked up Lily from the kindergarten. I'd rather you told me the truth. I'd rather I didn't see you again. 5.虚拟语气在同位语从句中的用法

在名词advice, suggestion, order, proposal

我真希望你告诉我。我宁愿不再见着你。

等后接的同位语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气，起形式为

“(should)+动词原形”，说明“建议”，“劝告”，“命令”等的具体内容。如：

The order came that the work should be finished two days ahead of time. 了。

Reluctantly she accepted their proposal that she should be operated on. 手术的建议。

难点释疑：

（一）主从句时间不一致情况下的虚拟语气（混合条件句）

有时条件从句中的动作和结果与主句中的动作，发生的时间不一致，这时动作的形式应根据它所表示的时间加以调整。如：

If you had followed my advice, you would be able to finish the work now. 就能完成这份工作了。（从句说明过去，主句说明现在。）

If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party. 句说明现在，主句说明过去。）

If you hadn't lent me some money, I couldn't living

have bought the new house and most likely

I would be still

如果我是你，我就去参加她的生日晚会了。（从

如果你当时听了我的话，现在她勉强接受了他们要她去接受提前两天完成工作的命令传来

in the dangerous house now. 假若你不借钱给我，我不可能买下这幢新房，很可能现在还住在危房里。（从

句说明过去，主句说明过去和现在。）

（二）含蓄条件句

非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表出来，只暗含在上下文中，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句大体有三种情况；

1. 条件暗含在短语中。如：

(1)W hat would I have done without you? 如没有你，我会怎么办呢？

(条件暗含在分词短语

without you

中)

(2) It would be easier to do it this way. 这样做会比较容易。

(条件暗含在不定式短语

to do it this way

中)

(3) This same thing, happening in wartime, would lead to a disaster. 同样的事，如发生在战时，就会酿成大祸。（条件暗含在分词短语

- 38 -

happening in wartime中）

(4) But for your help we couldn't have succeeded in the experiment. 如果没有你的帮助，我们的实验是不会成功。（暗含条件是

but for your help

）

(5) He must have the strength of a hippopotamus, or he never could have vanquished that great beast. 他一定是力大如河马，否则他绝不会击败那只庞大的野兽。（暗含条件是连词

or）

(6) Alone, he would have been terrified. 如是单独一人，他是会感到害怕的。（暗含条件是

alone）

（三）条件从句中省去

if的情况

在if引导的表示虚拟的条件状语从句中，常可以省略

if，将had, were或should提至句首。

Had I seen the film, I would have discussed it with them last night. 假如我看了那部电影，昨晚我就可以和他们一起讨论了。

Were I a bird, I could fly freely.

假如我是一只小鸟，我就能自由翱翔。

Should it rain next week the farmers would have a good harvest. 要是下周能下雨的话，农民们就能有个

好收成了。

学位英语语法基础知识：动名词

1. 习惯只能加动名词作宾语的动词：避免错过少延期 avoid miss delay 建议完成多练习 suggest finish practice

喜欢想象禁不住 like/enjoy imagine can't help + doing 承认否定和嫉妒 admit deny envy 逃脱冒险莫原谅 escape risk excuse 忍受保持不在意 stand keep mind 2. 带动名词的习惯短语：A）be used/get used to

、be objective to

、look forward to

、oppose to、object to

、pay attention to

be opposed to、devote oneself to

B）be worth、give up、be busy、feel like、prevent/ stop/ keep

,from、spend/ waste,in doing sth.

3. 带动名词和不定式有差别的动词：有

9个动词既可以动名词作宾语，也可用不定式作宾语，意思却不同。

remember、forget，try、mean、stop、regret，want、need、require .

注：remember to do sth. 指记住（别忘记）要做某事

remember doing sth. 记得（回忆起）曾做过某事forget to do sth 指忘了要做某事forget doing sth. 忘了要做某事

try to do sth

指试图做某事

- 39 -

、

try doing sth. mean to do sth mean doing sth. stop to do sth stop doing sth. Regret to do sth regret doing sth. want to do sth want doing sth. require to do sth

试试看（试过）指打算，有意图意味着，就是

停下来做某事，此为目的状语停止做某事

对现在要发生的事表示“遗憾”对发生过的事表示“后悔”指希望，想要需要指需要

主动式表示被动

required doing sth.

学位英语语法基础知识：现在分词

1.-ing

分词的否定形式是由

not 加-ing分词构成。

如：Not knowing his address, I could do nothing but stay at home and wait. 不知道他的地址，我只好在家里等着。His not coming made all of us angry. 2.-ing

分词的一般式和完成式：

完成式表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生

他没来使我们大家都很生气。

-ing分词的一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行的动作；的动作。如：

Being a student

， he was interested in books.

作为一个学生，他对书本很感兴趣。

因为没有努力学习功课，他考试

Not having studied his lessons very hard不及格。

3.-ing

分词的被动式：

， he failed the examinations.

-ing分词的被动式表示它的逻辑主语是动式有一般被动式（

being done）。如：

-ing分词动作的承受者。根据-ing分词动作发生的时间，-ing分词的被

The question being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。

They are talking about his having been criticizing by the teacher. 他们正在谈论他被老师批评的事

.

， he gave up smoking.

， be worth

被老师批评以后，他把烟戒了。

-ing分词常用主动形式来表示被动

Having been criticized by the teacher注意：在need， want， require含义。如：

等动词（短语）后，作宾语的

- 40 -

Your shoes need cleaning. = Your shoes need to be cleaned. This book is well worth reading. 4.-ing

分词的语法作用：

这本书很值得一看。

你的鞋需要清洗一下了。

-ing分词一方面具有动词的性质，定语、状语和补语等。

1）–ing分词（短语）作主语：

另一方面也相当于一个名词或形容词、副词，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、

Laying eggs is the ant queen's full-time job. Saying is easier than doing. 在下面两种结构中，

说比做容易。

产卵是蚁后的专职工作。

-ing分词也作主语。

①为了保持句子平衡，通常用作形式主语，而把真实主语放在句末。如：It is no use crying over spilt milk. It's a waste of time arguing about it. ②在There is no

作无益的后悔是没有用的。辩论这事是浪费时间。

结构中，通常用-ing分词。如：

这种事开不得玩笑。

历史车轮不可阻挡。

There is no joking about such matters. There is no holding back the wheel of history. 2）-ing分词（短语）作表语：His hobby is collecting stamps. The problem is quite puzzling. 3）-ing分词作宾语：①–ing分词作动词宾语。如：I suggest doing it in a different way. We enjoy attending Miss Li's class.

他的爱好是收集邮票。这个问题很令人困惑。

我建议用另一种方法做这件事。我们喜欢听的课。

②-ing分词作介词宾语，经常用在一些短语的后面。如：I'm against inviting him to dinner. They don't feel like walking that much. 注意：在有些句子中，介词常可省去。如：

I have no difficulty (in) communicating with foreigners. He used to spend a lot of time (in) playing games. What can prevent us (from) getting married? 4）-ing分词作定语：

①单个的分词作定语一般放在被修饰词的前面。如：

- 41 -

我反对邀请他来吃饭。

他们不喜欢走那么多路。

我在和外国人交谈方面没有什么困难。

过去他常花很多时间玩游戏。

有什么能阻止我们结婚？

reading room 阅览室

swimming pool 游泳池dining car sleeping car a sleeping child the exciting news a boring speech

餐车卧车

一个酣睡的孩子令人振奋的消息令人乏味的演出

②-ing分词短语作定语应放在被修饰词的后面，也相当于一个定语从句。如：Who is the comrade standing by the door? They lived in a house facing south.

站在门边的同志是谁？他们住在一所朝南的房子里。

③–ing分词还可以作非性定语，相当于一个非性定语从句，常用逗号和句子其它部分分开。如：When she appeared, John, wearing a dirty and worn-out overcoat, ran to her with joy. 当她出现的时候，约翰穿着一件又脏又破的大衣高兴地跑了过去。5）-ing分词做状语：

-ing分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。①-ing分词短语作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句，可由连词he nodded from time to time.

他一边看书，一边不时地点头。

看到那些画，他想起了她的童年。

when, while引出。While reading the book,

Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood. ②-ing分词短语作原因状语，相当于一个原因状语从句。如：Not knowing his address, I can't send this book to him. 因为不知道他的地址，我不能把这本书送给他。

Many of us, being so excited, couldn't go to sleep that night. 因为非常激动，那晚我们许多人都没睡着。③–ing分词短语作结果状语。如：His father died, leaving him a lot of money.

他父亲死了，留给他许多钱。

她非常生气，把玩具

She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground, breaking it into pieces. 扔在地上，把它摔成了碎片。

④-ing分词作伴随状语，可以放在句子的前面、后面或中间，表示主语的另一个、较次要的动作。如：They stood there for half an hour, watching the stars in the sky. 的星星。

Following the old man, the young people started walking slowly. 来。 .

- 42 -

他们在那儿站了半小时，观察着天上

年轻人跟在老人的后面开始慢慢地走起

⑤-ing分词间或也可作条件状语和让步状语，相当于一个状语从句。如：A person standing at the foot of a high mountain will find himself very small. 下会发现自己很渺小。

Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.

注：-ing分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语就是整个句子的主语。⑥“with/without+

名词普通格或代词宾格

+-ing分词”结构在句中作状语，表示伴随情况或时间、原因等。如：

随着时间的推移，他的头发变花白了。

没人注意，他从窗户溜了出去。

尽管知道了一切情况，他们还是要我赔偿损失。

一个人如站在大山的脚

His hair became grey with the years passing.

Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. 6）-ing分词作补语：

①-ing分词可以在see, hear, notice, set, catch, find

watch, feel, look at, listen to, observe, have, get, leave, keep,

等动词后面和一个名词或代词构成一个复合宾语，作宾语补语。如：

我下车的时候注意到一个男人匆匆忙忙

I noticed a man running out of the bank when I got off the car. 地从银行里跑出来。

Last night the shopkeeper caught a child stealing some food in the shop. 小孩在偷东西。

②上面这类句子也可变成被动语态，这时，We were kept waiting for quite a long time. Jily was never heard singing that song again. 7）-ing分词的复合结构：。

昨晚，店主在商店里抓到一个

-ing分词可看成是主语补语。如：

让我们等了好长时间。

人们再也没有听到吉丽唱这首歌了。

-ing分词的复合结构通常由物主代词、人称代词宾格、名词所有格或者名词的普通格头时必须用物主代词和名词所有格，通常在句中作主语和宾语。如：

His coming made us very happy.

他的到来使我们大家都很高。

他被某人的敲门声吵醒了。

+-ing分词构成，在句子开

He was awakened by someone's knocking at the door. 难点释疑：

1.能接-ing分词作宾语的常见动词：

mind（介意），suggest（建议），enjoy（欣赏，），admit（承认），appreciate（感激，欣赏），免），delay（推迟），dislike持），miss（错过），practise

（不喜欢，厌恶），

avoid（避

escape（逃脱），finish（完成），imagine（想象），keep（保

（训练），risk（冒险），deny（拒绝，否认）。

-ing分词，含义有所不同。如：

-ing分词作宾语表示分词

2. 有些动词既能接不定式，又能接①forget,

remember, regret

等词后面接不定式表示不定式动作后于谓语动作，而后接

动作先于谓语动作。如：

Do you remember seeing me before?

你记得以前见过我吗？

离开时要记得锁门。

- 43 -

Remember to lock the door when you leave.

②动词mean, stop, try, go on等动词后面接分词和接不定式作宾语，that.

我尽量不去想那件事。

Would you please try doing that again? I mean to change it for another one.

请你再试一次好吗？我想换成另外一个。

意思也有所不同。I try not to think about

Missing the train means waiting for another hour. 误了这班车就意味着再等一个小时。

做完练习以后，我

Having finished the exercises, we went on to learn the new words in the next unit. 们继续学习下一单元的单词。

After a short rest, they went on working. He stopped talking when the bell rang.

短暂地休息以后，他们又继续工作。铃响的时候，他停止了讲话。

While working, he stopped to talk with Tom at times.注意：有时人们把

stop后的动词不定式理解为目的状语。

工作的时候，他不时地停下来和汤姆谈话。

③动词allow, advise, forbid, permit式作宾语补语。如：

.

等可直接跟-ing分词作宾语，不可以接动词不定式作宾语，但可接不定

Please permit me to say a few words. We don't permit smoking here. ④动词need, require, want

请允许我说几句话。

我们这儿不允许吸烟。作“需要”解时，后面接

-ing分词或不定式的被动式。如：

The room wants cleaning/to be cleaned. 这个房间需要打扫。

These little children require looking after carefully/to be looked after carefully. 这些小孩需要细心地照料。⑤动词like, hate, prefer定式。如：

I like swimming, but I don't like to swim with you. 我喜欢游泳，但我不喜欢和你一起游泳。I prefer walking to school every day. I prefer to stay at home today.

我情愿每天步行去学校。

今天我情愿呆在家里。

等后面，如表示一般性动作，多用

-ing分词；如指特定的具体的某次动作，多用不

3.ing分词作定语还可以表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。如：

developing countries = countries that are developing a growing city = a city that is growing

发展着的城市

看起来很普通的房子发展中国家

an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary a touching story = a story that is touching working people= people who are working

一个动人的故事劳动人民

- 44 -

4. 不定式和-ing分词作宾语补语的区别：在see, hear, feel, watch, notice语，两者之间有一定的区别。用束了。如：

Do you hear someone knocking at the door? (Someone is knocking at the door.) 有人在敲门你听见了吗？

Do you hear someone knock at the door? (Someone knocked at the door just now.) 你听见有人敲门了吗？5. 常见的带介词contribute 助于），stick to

to的短语，后接-ing分词或名词。

lead to （导致），look forward to（期待），take to（从事），turn to （求be used to （习惯于），devote oneself to

,（根据,,来判断），

（献身于），一些固定的considering

-ing分词

等感官动词后，既可用

-ing分词构成复合宾语，也可用不定式构成复合宾

-ing分词时，表示动作正在进行；用不定式时，表示动作发生了，即动作的全过程结

to（捐助、贡献），（忠于、坚持），

短语，如generally speakingtalking

一个插入语。如：

（一般来说），judging from,（考虑到,,），

of,（谈到,,，提到,,），supposing,（假如,,）等，这种短语可以被称之为句子的状语，也可当作

Judging from his accent, he must come from Canada. 从他的口音看他一定来自加拿大。

考虑到他是多么的穷，

Considering how poor he was, we decided to let him attend the concert for free. 我们决定让他免费听音乐会。

学位英语语法基础知识：过去分词

1.分词的定义

动词的-ed分词即过去分词，是由动词的过去分词构成，一般只有一种形式。2.过去分词的语法作用

1）过去分词作表语，主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态。如：He is quite pleased with the design of the dress. 2）过去分词做定语：

单个的过去分词作定语一般放在名词的前面，相当于一个定语从句。如：The excited people rushed into the building.

激动的人们奔进了大楼。

她很喜欢那礼服的式样。

过去分词短语作定语通常放在被修饰的词后面，相当于一个定语从句。如：The suggestion made by the foreign expert was adopted by the manager. 纳了。

过去分词作定语也可用作非性定语，前后用逗号隔开。如：The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people. 国人民的喜爱。

这些书是鲁迅写的，受到了许多中外国专家提出来的建议被经理采

- 45 -

The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success. 生出席了。

3）过去分词做状语：

这次会议获得很大的成功，共有一千个学

过去分词和-ing分词作状语一样，也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式、伴随情况。①表时间，相当于一个时间状语从句，有时过去分词前可加连词Seen from the top of the hill, the city looked like a big garden. 园。

Accepted by the Party, he decided to devote his life to the cause of the Party. 身于党的事业。

②表原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。如：

Deeply moved by the story, the excited people stopped quarrelling with each other. 故事深深地感动了，停止了争吵。

Encouraged by the speech, the young people made up their minds to take up the struggle. 的鼓舞，年轻人决定起来从事斗争。

③表条件，相当于一个条件状语从句，有时过去分词前可用Given another chance, he will do better.

if等词。如：

受到了讲演

激动的人们被那个以后，他决定献

when或while来强调时间概念。如：

从山顶上看，这个城市就像一个大花

再给他一次机会，他会做得更好。

和你哥哥相比，你应该

Compared with your brother, you should make greater efforts to study English. 更加努力学习英语。

If heated, water can be turned into steam. ④表让步，相当于一个

though/although

水如果被加热，会变成水蒸气。

引导的让步状语从句。如：

Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber. 追赶着那个强盗。

Laughed at by many people, he continued his study. ⑤表方式或伴随情况。如：

The old man went into the room, supported by his wife. Seated at the table, my father and I were talking about my job. 问题。

4）过去分词作补足语：过去分词可以在

尽管已经跑得筋疲力尽，他们还是继续

尽管被许多人嘲笑，他还是继续他的研究。

那个老人在他的妻子的搀扶下走进了房间。

我和父亲坐在桌子旁边讨论着我的工作

see, hear, notice, watch, find, get, have, feel, make, leave, keep等词后与一名词或代

词构成复合宾语，用作宾语补语。如：。

When will you go to the hospital and have your tooth examined?

你什么时候去医院检查你的牙齿？

当你在作报告时，你应

When you are making a speech, you should speak louder to make yourself heard. 该讲响一点使自己被人听清。

当这类句子变成被动语态时，过去分词用作主语补语。如：

- 46 -

One of the glasses was found broken. 有人发现其中一个杯子破了。

应该让他们知道那儿的形势。

They should be kept informed of the situation there. 难点释疑：

1. 过去分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语一般必须和句子的主语相一致。如：When asked why he came here, the boy kept silent. 当那个男孩被问到为何来这里时，他沉默不语。

Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology. 由于在农村出生并长大，他对生物很感兴趣。

如果过去分词的逻辑主语和句子主语不一致，必须使用过去分词的主格结构。2. 动词have后所接的三种宾语补语：。have somebody/something do something 作。如：

I had the workers do the job for me.

我让工人们替我完成了工作。

吉姆经常让他的父亲帮助做家庭作业。

分词作补语，分词动作也由宾语发出，强调动作的延续或正

不定式作补语必须省去

to，不定式动作由宾语发出，表示一次性的动

Jim often has his father help him with his homework. have somebody /something doing something -ing 在进行。如：

They had the tractor working all the time.

We won't have the child talking to his mother like that. have somebody/something done

他们让拖拉机一直工作着。

我们不能让那个孩子那样对他的妈妈说话。

过去分词作补语，宾语和补足语之间有逻辑上的被动关系，通常有两种情况：

①主语让别人做某事，强调主语的意志。如：。He had his hair cut yesterday.

他昨天理发了。

后来，这个中心让人种了很多树。

Later on the center had a great many new trees planted.

②主语遭到某种不幸或陷入恶劣的环境，说明宾语的一种无意识的被动行为。如：He had his leg broken in the match last month.He had one eye lost in the war.

他在上星期的比赛中摔断了腿。

在战争中，他失去了一只眼睛。

3. 非谓语动词的被动式作定语的三种形式：the bridge to be built the bridge being built the bridge built

将要建造的桥正在建造的桥

造好的桥

（表示将来的动作）（表示正在进行的动作）

（表示完成的动作）

4. 过去分词和–ing分词作表语的区别：。过去分词作表语通常表示主语所处的状态或感受，而

-ing分词作表语多表示主语所具有的特征，如：

- 47 -

Hearing the news, we felt very surprised. The news is very surprising.

听到那个消息，我们感到很惊讶

这个消息很令人惊讶。

他们听到那可怕的声音很害怕。

They were frightened to hear the frightening sound.

At the sight of the moving scene, all the people present were moved to tears. 看到这么动人的情景，所有在场的人都感动得流下了眼泪。英语中这样的分词还有很多，如：

amusing, amused; encouraging,

encouraged; disappointing,

disappointed;

exciting, excited; puzzling, puzzled; satisfying, satisfied; worrying, worried; tiring, tired; pleasing, pleased; intersting, interested; astonishing, astonished

5. 过去分词和–ing分词作定语的区别：。过去分词作定语和boiled water boiling water

-ing分词作定语有一定的区别。试比较下面几组短语：

等。

开水正沸腾的水

发展的国家发展中国家

developed countries developing countries fallen leaves falling leaves changed condition changing condition

落叶

正在飘落的叶子

改变了的情况变化着的情况

-ing分词作定语可以表示正在进行的主动的动作。

由此可见，过去分词作定语通常表示完成的或被动的动作；而

学位英语语法基础知识：主格结构

1.结构的实质和类型

“结构”按其结构形式，分为不定式“结构”，词“结构”，通常在句中起状语分句的作用。

例如：

（1）There being nothing else to do, we left. （There being,为-ing分词结构）（2）She gazed, her hands clasped to her breast. （her hands clasped

,为-ed分词结构）

他手里拿着离开了。（

gun in hand

为无动词结构）

她凝视着，双手叉在胸前。由于没有其它事情可做，我们离开了。

-ing分词“结构”，

-ed分词“结构”和无动

（3）He went off, gun in hand.

（4）The floor wet and slippery, we stayed outside. （The floor wet

,为无动词“结构”）

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由于地板又湿又滑，我们呆在屋外。

2.“结构”的用法和意义

由上述诸例可以看出，“结构”与主语之间通常用逗号隔开，在“结构”中做主语的名词词组有时可以省去限定词。例如：

（7）The manager sat quietly in the office, (his) eyes closed. 经理静静地坐在办公室里，双目紧闭。

“结构”的位置是比较灵活的，它可位于句首，句中或句尾。例如：

（8）Their room was on the third floor, its window overlooking the sports ground. 他们的房间在三层楼上，窗户俯视着操场。

（9）He guiding her, they stumbled through the street.

他引着他，两个人蹒跚地穿过那条街。

（10）He, God willing, would be in the village before the second next month. 他，如果情况允许，将于下月二日前来到这个村庄。

如果一句中含有几个“结构”，通常是把表示概括意义的结构置于最后。例如：（11）The professor was slammed against the wall, his body frisked, lost.

教授被猛推倒墙上，被搜了身，手被拷着，尊严尽失。3.“结构”在句中可表示多种含义。例如：表示时间：

（12）His homework done, Jim decided to go and to go and see the play.

see the play. =After his homework was done, Jim

decided

his wrists handcuffed,

his dignity

家庭作业完成之后，杰姆决定去看戏。

吃完

（13）The meal over, we began to work again. =When the meal was over, we began to work again. 饭，我们又开始干活。

表示原因：

（14）The last bus giving gone, we had to walk home. =Because the last bus had gone, we had to walk home. 由于末班车已开走，我们只得步行回家。

（15）Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move. =As her shirt was caught on a nail, she could not move. 由于裙子被钉子钩住，她不能移动。

表示条件：

（16）Whether permitting, the football match will be played on Wednesday. =If weather permits, the football match will be played on Wednesday.

表示方式和伴随状况：

（17）He put on his socks wrong side out.

他穿上袜子，反面朝上。

假如天气允许的话，足球赛将在星期三举行。

（18）The children were watching the acrobatic show, their eye (being) wide open. 演，眼睛睁得很大。

孩子们在看杂技表

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在上述诸例中，“结构”均可变为由在此没有什么意义，只是比较

口语化。例如：

with引导的介词词组，即在“结构”前可用介词with.介词with

（19）They sat in the room with the curtains drawn. With the tree growing tall, we get more shade. He came into the classroom with a book in his hand.

他们坐在房间里，窗帘拉下来。树长高了，我们得到更多的阴凉。

他手里拿着一本书走进教室。

学位英语语法基础知识：倒装句型

1.完全倒装

将句子的主语和谓语完全颠倒过来，称之为完全倒装。例如：2.部分倒装

只将助动词、系动词或情态动词移至主语之前，谓语的其他部分仍保留在主语的后面，称之为部分倒装。例如：Seldom have we felt as comfortable as here. Only in this way can we do the work better. 3.倒装的原因

a）一些句型的固定用法。例如：Such were his last words.

他最后的话就是这样。

我们难得像在这里这么舒服。只有这样我们才能把工作做得更好。

Now comes the chance.

机会来了。

b）强调的需要。倒装以后，句子更加流畅生动。例如：Never before have we seen such a sight. Before us lay a lot of difficulties. 4.倒装句的基本用法

在以here, there, now, then, in, away, up downAway went the crowd one by one. Here comes our teacher!

等副词开头的句子中：

以前我们从来没有见过这样的情景。

在我们前面有很多困难。

人们一个一个地离去。

我们的老师来了！

a）副词only+状语放在句首时：Only then did he realize his mistakes . Only in this way can you learn maths well. b）含有否定意义的副词或连词（如

只有在那时他才认识到自己的错误。

只有用这种方法你才能学好数学。

,than）放在句首时：

little, hardly, never, rarely, no sooner

我没有想到他竟能活着回来。

Little did I think that he could be back alive. Not until New Year's Day shall I give you a gift. Hardly had the train arrived

at the station

我要到元旦那天才能给你礼物。

when we ran towards the sleeping car looking for our guests.

火车刚一进站，我们就跑到卧车那儿去找我们的客人。

c）副词so或 neither (nor)

在句首：

- 50 -

He is interested in pop-songs, and so am I.他对流行歌曲感兴趣，我也如此。

他没有去过农村，他也不想去那里。

He hasn't been to the countryside, neither does he want to go there. d）在方式状语

thus开头的句子中及程度状语

这样结束了他的生命。

so放句首：

Thus ended his life.

So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him. 屋子里的人都听得见。

So small were the words that he could hardly see them. 难点释疑：

1. so作“也”讲时，引导的句子用倒装语序。例如：He went to the film last night. So did I.

他讲话的声音那样大，连隔壁

字那么小，他几乎看不见。

他昨天晚上去看电影了，我也去了。

如不作“也”讲而只起连词作用，表示一种结果的意思，句子就要用正常语序。例如：His mother told him to go to the film. So he did. \"He is a tall thin man.\" \"So he is.\" 2.Young as he is, he knows a lot. 3. 在虚拟语气中，如果非真实条件句省略倒装。

例如：Were he younger (= If he were younger), he would learn skating. 冰。

Should they forget =(If they should forget) 如果他们忘记带一张地图的话，他们就会在深林里迷路。

Had they realized (= If they had realized) how important the task was, they wouldn't have refused to accept it.

假如他们认识到这个任务是多么重要的话，他们就不致于拒绝接受这项任务。

to bring a map with them, they would get lost in the woods.

假如他年轻一些，他就会去学溜

他母亲叫他去看电影，他就去了。

“他又高又瘦。”“确实如此。”虽然他年轻，却知道很多东西。

if，须将主句中的

were, had和should等助动词和主语颠倒形成部分

学位英语语法基础知识：强调句型

在现代英语中，人们可以通过词汇手段、语法手段来进行强调。（1）词汇手段

The last thing that a lazy student wishes is examination. At that very moment the policemen came. Where in the world did you go just now? What on earth are you doing? She's not in the least angry with me. （2）语法手段

就在那时到了。你刚才究竟去哪儿了？

懒学生最不愿意的事情就是考试。

你究竟在干什么？

她一点也不生我的气。

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1. 用It is/was,that/who,句型表示强调。

is/was的后面，被强调的是人，则后面可用

被强调的部分（通常是句子的主语、状语、宾语或宾语补足语）放在who，whom等代替。例如：

He met an old friend in the park yesterday.

他昨天在公园碰见一个老朋友。

上述句子可以通过强调句型对除谓语以外的不同成分进行强调。如：It was he who/that met an old friend in the park yesterday.It was an old friend that/who he met in the park yesterday.It was in the park that he met an old friend yesterday.It was yesterday that he met an old friend in he park.2. 用助动词do，does或did来强调谓语动词。例如：Do come early.

一定早点来。

他上周确实给你寄过一封信。

她的确打算来，我们非常高兴。what引导。例如：

（强调主语）（强调宾语）（强调地点状语）（强调时间状语）

He did send you a letter last week.

We're pleased that she does intend to come.

3.用主语从句+BE+被强调部分，主语从句常用John wants a ball.

约翰想要一个球。

What John wants is a ball. 约翰想要的是一个，球。

玛丽每天教钢琴。

玛丽每天干的工作是教钢琴。

Mary gives piano lessons every day.

What Mary does every day is (to) give piano lessons.

4.人们还可以通过改变句子结构或颠倒正常语气的手段来进行强调。例如：Never will China be the first to use nuclear weapons.

中国决不会第一个使用核武器。

advanced level of science and technology.

Only in this way can we catch up with and surpass the world's 只有这样，我们才能赶上并超过世界先进科技水平。

难点释疑：

1.It was at 7 o'clock that he came back. 2.It is/waswhy引导。例如：

It was because the water had risen that they could not cross the river. 过河去。（不用

because或since）

until\"

强调句型的变化。比较下列三个句子：

他是7点钟回来的。（强调句，强调at 7 o'clock）

since、as或

,that,强调句型的被强调部分如果是原因状语从句，只能由because引导，不能由

正是由于水涨了，他们没有渡

3.注意\"not ,,

She didn't remember her appointment with the doctor until she had arrived home.

It was not until she had arrived home that she remembered her appointment with the doctor. Not until she had arrived home did she remember her appointment with the doctor.

- 52 -

学位英语语法基础知识：主谓一致

1、定义：

所谓“主谓一致”，就是指谓语在人称和数上必须受主语的人称和数的支配。这是英语和汉语在构句里的又一迥异之处。

2、主谓一致的种类：⑴语法形式上的一致

主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词为复数形式。如：I often help him and he often helps me.

我经常帮助他，他经常帮助我。

我们经常互相帮助，互相学习。

We often help each other and learn from each other. ⑵意义上的一致

a.主语形式虽为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词用复数。如：The crowd were surrounding the government official. 单数形式代表复数内容的词有：

people, police, cattle

人群包围住了这位。

等。如：

中国人民勇敢而又勤劳。

The Chinese people are brave and hard-working.

b.主语形式为复数，而意义上却是单数，谓语动词用单数。news以及以ics结尾的学科名称（如：⑶就近原则

physics, politics, maths, economics等）。

就近原则即谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。a. 并列主语用连词称和数的一致。如：

Not only the students but also the teacher enjoys listening to the music. 欢听这种音乐。

Are either you or he wrong?

要么是你错，要么是他错吗？

be 的形式与最前边的一个名词（短

不仅学生而且这位老师也喜

or, either

,or, neither

,nor, not only

,but also

等连接，谓语应同相邻的主语保持人

b. 在there be 表存在的句式中，主语是两个或多个名词（短语）的并列时，语）一致。如：

There is a pen, two knives and several books on the table=There on the table.

桌子上有一支钢笔、两把小刀和几本书。

are two knives, a pen and several books

C. 副词或介词短语在句首的倒装句中，必须认准哪是主语。如：Between the two buildings stands a monument. On the ship were over 2,200 people.

两幢楼之间耸立着一块纪念碑。

More than 1,500 people lost their lives. Among those was the young

woman. 船上有2,2001人，1,500多人丧生，这位年轻妇女也在其中。

难点释疑：

- 53 -

名词作主语

1、当名词词组中心词为表示度量、距离、金额、时间等复数名词时，往往可以根据意义一致的原则，把这些复数名词看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式。

如：Two hours is enough for me to finish the work. Two hundred dollars gives Jack much help. 2、如果主语有式。

如： More than one comrade has asked to stay. Many a passenger was killed in the accident.

不止一位同志已经要求留下。许多乘客在这一次事故中丧生。

more than one,

两小时对我来说完成这项工作足够了。

两百美元帮了

Jack大忙。

或many a,构成，尽管从意义上看是复数内容，但它的谓语动词仍然用单数形

但是“more＋复数名词＋than one”结构及“more than one hundred＋复数名词”结构之后，谓语动词一般用复数形式。如：

More members than one are against your plan. 3、不定代词each, every, no所修饰的名词及and many a,结构作主语时，谓语动词仍用单数形式。

如：Every man and every woman is at work.

所有男的和女的都在工作。

许多课桌和凳子将被搬出大厅。

glasses, jeans, scissors,

shoes,

不止一位成员反对你的计划。

each,and each,, every,and every,, no,and no,, many a ,

Many a desk and many a bench is to be taken out of the hall. 4、表示成双成套的名词，如：socks, trousers

chopsticks

（筷子）, compasses, clothes,

等，作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数形式；但如与a kind of, a pair of, the pair of, a series

of 连用，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。

如： The trousers are in the drawer. There is a pair of shoes under the bed. The pair of shoes is rather expensive. 5. 由连接词连接的名词作主语。

1）用and或both,and连接并列主语，表示不同概念，谓语动词常用复数。如：You and he both stand up. Water and air are both important. Time and tide wait for no man.

你和他都站了起来。

和空气都很重要。岁月不待人。

and

裤子在抽屉里。

有一双鞋在床下。这双袜子很贵。

但并列结构充当主语表示整体概念时，即指的是同一人，同一事物或同一概念，谓语动词用单数形式，这时后面的名词没有冠词。

英语中并列结构表示整体概念的有：2）表示兼职或有多个称呼的人。如：the worker and poet.

这位工人兼诗人

这位教师兼作家正在会上发言。

- -

The writer and teacher is speaking at the meeting.

6、当主语后面跟有as well as, along with, with, like, rather than, together with，等引导的词组时，

其谓语动词的单、复数按主语的单、复数而定。

如：Your father as well as you is very kind to me. He, like you and Xiao Li, is very clever.

不仅你而且你的父亲对我都非常好。

他象你和小李一样非常聪明。

先生明天将和

Mr Robbins, together with his wife and children, is leaving London for Paris. Robbins.妻子和孩子离开伦敦去巴黎。

D. 分数、量词作主语1、“分数或百分数＋

.

of＋名词”构成的短语及由“

a lot of, lots of, plenty of, half of, a heap of, heaps of后面的名词的数保持一致。如：

of ＋名词”构成的短语作主语时，谓语动词的数与短语中the surface of ouor planet is covered by water.

One third of the students are girls in our group. 2、a great deal of/ a large amount of

More than 70 percent of

我们星球的表面百分之七十多都被水覆盖着。

我们队三分之一的学生是女生。

修饰不可数名词，其短语作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式，如：

很多大米通过铁路从乡下运往

A great deal of rice was taken from the country to the city by railway. 城市。

3、a number of＋复数名词作主语，谓语动词用复数：A number of students are going for a picnic this weekend. The number of days in February this year is 28. E. 名词化的形容词作主语

“the＋形容词（或过去分词或现在分词）”

the number of

＋复数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。如：

这个周末许多学生将去野炊。

今年二月份的天数是二十八天。

如：the brave, the poor, the rich, the blind, the young, the old, the sick, the wounded, the injured, the unemployed, the dying, the living

The young are more active than the old.

等结构担任主语表示一类人时，谓语动词常用复数形式，如：

青年人比老年人积极。

F. 动名词、不定式短语和从句作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。如：To learn a foreign language is not so difficult as you think. Smoking is bad for health.

吸烟有害健康。

他赢了这场比赛是我们众所周知的事。

学一门外语并不象你想象的那么难。

That he has won the game is known to us all.

但what引导的主语从句所指的具体内容是复数意义时，谓语动词一般用复数形式。如：What we need is more time.

我们需要的是更多的时间。

我们需要的是好老师。

What we need are good teachers.

学位英语语法基础知识：

(1)用作形式主语

It is difficult to translate this article.

It的用法

翻译这篇文章很难。

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It is getting harder every day for a lazy man to get a living. What time would it be most convenient for me to call again? It is no use going there so early.

这么早去那里没有用。

懒汉谋生是日益困难了。什么时候我再给你打电话最合适

?

It has been a great honour your coming to visit me. It is strange that he did not come at all. It doesn’t matter what you do.

你的来访是我很大的荣幸。

真奇怪，他竟还没来。

什么都没关系。

it的位置，而出现于句首。

在上述诸例中，后置的真正主语可以取代先行To translate this article is difficult. Going there so early is no use. That he did not come at all is strange. 上述结构远不如用先行

it结构普通。此外，也并非所有先行it结构都可作上述转换。如：

It seems that John is not coming after all. It happened that John was the only witness. 上述两例只能转换为：

似乎约翰终竟不来。碰巧约翰是唯一的证人。

John doesn’t seem to be coming after all. John happened to be the only witness. (2)用作形式宾语

I found it difficult to explain to him what happened. He thought it no use going over the subject again. They kept it quiet that he was dead.

我觉得向他解释清发生了什么事很困难。他认为再讨论这个问题没有用了。

他们对他的死保密。

我们必须使公众

We must make it clear to the public that something should be done to stop pollution. 明白应该采取措施制止污染。

(3)注意以下几种强调句的翻译：It was Jane that/who called this morning. It was a parcel that she brought him.

是珍妮今天上午打来电话。她带给他的是一个包裹。

分别强调主语、间接宾语、直接宾语、状语，使之成为信息中心。It was John that/who gave Mary a handbag at Christmas. It was Mary that John gave a handbag (to) at Christmas. It was a handbag that John gave Mary at Christmas. It was at Christmas that John gave Mary a handbag.

It was when she was about to go to bed that the telephone rang.

是约翰在圣诞节给了玛丽一个提包。约翰在圣诞节是给玛丽提包的。约翰在圣诞节给玛丽的是一个提包。是在圣诞节约翰给了玛丽一个提包。

是在她即将上床睡觉时电话铃响了。

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It was because I wanted to buy a dictionary that I went to town yesterday. 而进城的。

It was not until his father came back that Tom went to bed yesterday. 床睡觉的。(注意句中not的位置).

我昨天是由于想买一本词典

昨天汤姆是直到他父亲回来才上

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