unit 5
(name名称->) Naming取名字的学问
Preview
IT has been well established that we live in an age of obsessive, even competitive, parenting. The typical parent is led to believe that her every move will greatly influence her child's future accomplishments. This belief expresses itself in the first official act a parent commits: giving the baby a name. Many parents seem to think that a child will not prosper unless it is hitched to the right one; names are seen to carry great aesthetic and even predictive powers. If you have kids, you've probably thought hard about how to name your child. Should you choose a \"special\" kind of name, or rather a very trendy or well-known one?
Part I. Text Reading
Warm-up
I. What is a good name?
Do you believe a person's name is very important or even decisive in one's life, and a so-called good name can bring one good fortune? Work in pairs to decide what elements good names should have.
A good name must be:
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plain / unusually spelled / attractive / complicated /
with a special meaning / easy to remember / easy to pronounce /the same as a celebrity's / trendy / unique / grotesque / interesting / funny /
(or others )__________________________________________
II. Popular names in the future.
The following are some most popular English names in the near future, and their implied meanings. Please try to match the corresponding meaning to each name.
Name Meaning
Alexandra a bird
Atara springtime
Ava wisdom
Aviva light
Clementine protector of mankind
Ella merciful
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Emma a crown
Hannah beautiful fairy woman
Lauren universal, all embracing
Lucienne laurel leaves, honour
Maeve grace of God
Rachel goddess, a purple flower
Sophie little lamb
III. Do you believe that names reveal certain cultural backgrounds? If so, please
give some examples.
Would a Roshanda by Any Other Name Smell (sound) as Sweet (pleasant)?1
Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner
[1] (Believe it or not) Obsessive or not, any parent wants to believe that she is making a big difference (起很大的作用) in the kind of person her child turns out (prove to be) to be. Otherwise, why bother (to choose a good name for her child)?
[2] The belief in parental power is manifest (shown) in the first official act (法案) a parent
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commits (does): giving the baby a name. As any modern parent knows, the baby-naming industry (行业) is booming, as [as evidence->as evident) evidenced by a proliferation (increasing增殖) of books, websites, and baby-name consultants (顾问). Many parents seem to believe that a child cannot prosper (=succeed) unless it (=baby) is hitched to (is connected with) the right (proper) name; names are seen (considered) to carry great aesthetic or even predictive (预示) powers (=ability).
[3] This might explain why, in 1958, a New York City man named Robert Lane decided to call his baby son Winner. The Lanes, who lived in a (hose: n./vt.) housing project (安居房) in Harlem2, already had several children, each with a fairly (very) typical name. But this boy--well, Robert Lane apparently (clearly) had a special feeling (感觉很特别) about this one. Winner Lane: how could he fail with a name like that?
[4] Three years later, the Lanes had another baby boy, their seventh and last child. For reasons that no one (noboby) can quite pin down (explain) today, Robert decided to name this boy Loser. It doesn't appear (seem) that Robert was unhappy about (hate) the new baby; he just seemed to get a kick out of the name's bookend effect.3 (enduring effect深远影响; end=final) First a Winner, now a Loser. But if Winner Lane could hardly be expected to fail, could Loser Lane possibly succeed?
[5] Loser Lane did in fact succeed. He went to prep school (学前班) on a scholarship (奖学金), graduated from Lafayette College in Pennsylvania, and joined the New York Police Department (this was his mother's longtime wish夙愿), where he made (=become) detective and, eventually (finally), sergeant (警长). Although he never (hide->) hid his name, many people were uncomfortable (when they were) using it. \"So (Therefore) I have a bunch of
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names,\" he says today, \"from Jimmy to James to whatever they want to call you. Timmy. But they rarely (seldom) call you (me) Loser.\" Once in a while (=Occasionally), he said, \"they throw a French twist on it: Losier (->Luo)'.''4 To his police colleagues, he is known as Lou.
[6] And what of (What happened to) his brother with the can't-miss (万无一失的) name? The most noteworthy (=worth-mentioning) achievement of Winner Lane, now in his midforties, is the sheer (only) (long) length of his criminal record: nearly (almost) three dozen arrests for burglary, domestic (violent->) violence (家庭暴力), (tres-: across) trespassing (crime), resisting arrest (拒捕), and other mayhem (故意的伤害罪). [Have stopped beating your wife? How long have you been a party member?]
[7] These days (At present/ Nowadays), Loser and Winner barely (hardly) speak. The father who named them is no longer (不再) alive（<->living things）. Clearly (Obviously) he had the right (correct) idea--that naming (命名) is destiny (fate->destination目的地) 命运--but he must have gotten the boys mixed up.5
[8] Then there is the recent case of Temptress (a woman who tempts sb. to have sex), a fifteen-year-old girl whose misdeeds landed [(1) 飞机降落(2)登陆；(3)get an order; (4)be listed on a newspaper] her in Albany County Family Court in New York. The judge, W. Dennis Duggan, had long taken note of (had noticed) the strange names (bear->) borne (带上->born) by some offenders (criminals). One teenage boy, Amcher, had been named for the first thing his parents saw upon reaching (as soon as) the hospital: the sign (symbol) for Albany Medical Center Hospital Emergency Room. But Duggan considered Temptress the most outrageous (unusual) name he had come across (met/ had seen).
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[9] \"I sent her out of the courtroom so I could talk to her mother about why she named her daughter Temptress,\" the judge later recalled (remembered). \"She said she was watching
The Cosby Show and liked the young actress. I told her the actress's name was actually
Tempestt Bled-soe. She said she found that out later, that they had (mis-: wrong) misspelled the name. I asked her if (whether是否 # weather天气) she knew what 'temptress' meant, and she said she also found that out (discover) at some later point. Her daughter was charged with (accuse sb. of sth.指控某人犯某罪) ungovernable (不受管束/ 放荡不羁) behavior, which included bringing men into the home while the mother was at work. I asked the mother if she had ever (曾经) thought the daughter was living out (=realizing兑现) her name.6 Most all of this went completely over (beyond the reach of sb.超出理解力) her head.7'\"
[10] As it happens (事实上), Loser and Winner and Temptress were all black. Is this fact merely (only) a (curious->) curiosity (sth. strange/ unusual) or (=otherwise) does it have something (cause) larger (more important/ greater) to say about names and culture?
[11] Every generation seems to produce a few marquee (大帐篷, 华盖; great/ important) academics (scholars) who advance (promote) the thinking (meditate) on black culture. Roland G. Fryer Jr. (the Senior<->the Junior->Jr.), the young black economist who analyzed the \"acting white\"(模仿人) phenomenon and the black-white test score gap, may be among the next (topic).
[12] In addition to (=Besides) economic and social disparity (gap) between blacks and whites, Fryer had become intrigued (be aroused interest by) by the virtual (actual) segregation of culture (geographic dialect<->social dialect). Blacks and whites watch different television shows. They smoke different cigarettes. And black parents give their
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children names that are starkly (greatly) different from white children's.
[13] What kind of parent is most likely (possible) to give a child such a distinctively (different) black name? The (datum->) data (information) offer (give/ provide) a clear answer: an unmarried, low-income, undereducated teenage mother from a black neighborhood who has a distinctively black name herself. In Fryer's view, giving a child a superblack (typical) name is a black parent's signal (symbol) of solidarity with (isolate from) the community (society). \"If I start naming my kid Madison,\" he says, \"you might think, 'Oh, you want to go live across the railroad tracks8 (想超越黑白界限/ 想出人头地), don't you?\" If black kids who study calculus and ballet are thought to be \"acting white (想做白人),\" Fryer says, then mothers who call their babies Shanice are simply \"acting black (表明自己是黑人).\"
[14] So how does it matter (vi.重要) if you have a very white name or a very black name? Over the years (=In the long run), a series of \"audit (interview面试/试听) studies\" have tried to measure (examine) how people perceive (interpret/ understand/ explain) different names. In a typical audit study, a researcher would send two identical (same) (and fake) resumes, one with a traditionally white name and the other with an (migrate->immigrate->) immigrant (<->emigrate-> emigrant) immigrant or minority-sounding name, to potential employers. The \"white\" resumes have always gleaned (received; to obtain information, knowledge etc, sometimes with difficulty and often from various different places) more job interviews.
Notes
1. This article is from (Freak: adj.奇异的, 反常的, Freako- ; nom(Latin): name; nomics)
Freakonomics (取名字的学问), written by Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner. It is first and
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foremost (most) an interesting book. The premise (前提) is to take the tools of economics—(rigor活力->) rigorous statistical (统计学的) (analyze分析->) analysis of [volume: (1)体积/音量;(2)一卷一册->] voluminous (datum->) data (information)--and apply them to topics beyond the range (范围) normally (usually) addressed (discussed) by economists. The results are, of course, interesting. Interesting enough to put the book to the best-seller (畅销书) list and make it a topic of many discussions. The final chapter (章节) of this book examines the influence (影响) of names on life outcomes (结局).
2. Harlem is a neighborhood in the New York City borough (区) of Manhattan, long known as a major (important) African-American (reside-resident->) residential, cultural, and business center. (origin->original->) Originally it was a Dutch (荷兰; go ~各付个的钱) village, formally (officially) organized in 1658, and remained (were/ stayed) independent of the City of New York until 1873. It is named after the city of Haarlem in the Netherlands(荷兰;).
3. ...he just seemed to get a kick out of the name's bookend effect: he just seemed to be influenced by the books which teach people how to give sound (good) names for their children, and got great pleasure from it. The word kick here refers to a strong feeling of excitement and pleasure.
e.g. I get a kick out of my own car. 4. ... \"they throw a French twist on it: `(loser->) Losier.'\": they pronounce it with some change according to French in order to avoid associating it with unsuccessfulness.
5. ..: but he must have gotten the boys mixed up (混淆): but he must have given the
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wrong names to the boys when they were born.
\"must + have +过去分词\"结构表示现在对过去的推定或揣测。
e.g. He must have gone away. We don't see him anywhere around. It must has rained last night for the ground is wet.
6. ... the daughter was living out her name: the daughter was behaving as her name suggested. The phrase live out here means to experience in reality
e.g. Her success enabled her to live out (=realize) her (wild->wilder->) wildest fantasies (dreams). 获得出乎预料的成功
7. Most all of this went completely over her head: She completely didn't believe that her daughter had done most such things. The phrase over someone's head here means beyond someone's ability to understand.
8. ... you want to go live across the railroad tracks: you expect that your child can act white (做事好高骛远). field and track sports meet田径运动会
Word Bank
(academy->) academic: n. 学者/ adj. 学术性someone who looks at things in an academic way学者；The Police Academy；academic conference学术年会
aesthetic: adj. 美学的(aesthetics: n. 美学) of or concerning the appreciation of beauty or
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good taste美学的，审美的(bad taste->tasteless) [sex<->sexy]
(audio-: 与听力有关) audit: n. an examination of records or financial accounts to check their (accurate->) accuracy审计
ballet (Italian): n. a classical dance form characterized by grace and precision芭蕾舞
(bost->boster) boom: v. to grow or develop rapidly; flourish/ thrive/ prosper快速发展
(burglar->) burglary: n. the act of entering a building or other premises with the intent to commit (thief->) theft入室盗窃
(calculate->calculator->) calculus: n. the branch of mathematics that deals with limits and the (different->differentiate->) differentiation and integration of functions of one or more variables微积分
commit: v. to do, perform, or perpetrate做，实行或犯罪; ~ a crime犯罪/ ~ suicide自杀 (pesticide杀虫剂); spend the committed time花够所需的时间
(detect->) detective: n. sb. who investigates crimes and obtains evidence or information侦探; private ~私家侦探
disparity (gap/ difference): n. the condition or fact of being unequal, as in age, rank, or degree; difference不等，差距
(distinct->distinctive-) distinctively: adv. distinguishingly特殊地
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fake: （1）n./ （2）adj. having a false or misleading appearance; fraudulent假的
hitch: v. to connect or attach连住; hitchhike搭便车；attachment附件
intrigue: v. to arouse the interest or (curious->好奇的) curiosity of激起…的兴趣或好奇心
manifest: adj. obvious明显的; Manifesto共产党宣言; manual labo(u)r体力劳动
marquee: n. a large tent with open sides, used chiefly for outdoor (enter->entertain给
人以娱乐->）entertainment大帐篷
mayhem: n. the offense of willfully maiming or (crippled=disabled残疾的) crippling a person身体伤害罪
[mis-:(1)wrong; (2)bad->] misdeed: n. a wrong or illegal deed (行为); a wrongdoing 违法行为
noteworthy: adj. notable值得注意的
obsessive: adj. of, relating to, characteristic of, or causing an obsession着迷的
(offend->offense->offensive: offensive talk) offender: n. one especially one that breaks a public law违法者
(sb.) that offends,
outrageous: adj. being well beyond the bounds (limits) of good taste蛮横的, 残暴的, 无
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耻的, 可恶的, 令人不可容忍的; 勃然大怒
perceive: v. to achieve understanding of apprehend (comprehend)理解
(proliferate->) proliferation: n. a rapid increase or spreading激增
prosper (->prosperous-> prosperous-looking很成功的样子): v. to be fortunate or successful, especially in terms of one's finances; thrive繁荣，成功
(sume=get) resume: n. a brief written account of educational qualifications and experience学术简历
and professional
(segregate->) segregation: n. the act or process of segregating or the condition of being segregated隔离; discriminate->discrimination歧视
sergeant: n. the rank of police officer next below a captain, lieutenant (陆军中尉, 海
军上尉), or inspector警官
sheer: adj. completely such, without qualification or exception纯粹，完全的; sheer luck纯粹是运气好
[solid: (1)固体;(2) 牢固的;(3)孤独的] solidarity: n. fellowship of responsibilities and interests团结，一致; solidary bee独蜂
starkly: adv. completely or utterly; extremely完全地
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（tempt：引诱+ tress一绺头发->）temptress: n. an (allure引诱) alluring, (witch->) bewitching woman诱惑男人的女人; (wise->wiz->) wizard巫婆神汉/ 向导; witch try
[past: (1)adj. e.g. in the ~ few days; (2) preposition, e.g. He went past my window.] (tres-: across) trespass: v. to commit an offense or a sin; transgress or err (err<->error不懂而出错<->mistake懂但不小心出错) 违法或犯罪; [crime<->sin] Some people prefer to call errors mistakes.不懂装懂。
(rule=govern->governor总督/ 州长) ungovernable: adj. incapable of being governed, restrained, or controlled 难统治的; divide-and-rule policy分而治之的政策
Phrases and Expressions
a bunch of: a group or things growing close together; cluster or clump一束
come across: to meet or find by chance遇到 confront; to cross a street/ river
hitch to (stick to): to continue to do something; persist坚持
[pin:(1) n. 图钉; (2)vt. 钉；（3）寄托希望; ping some hopes on sb.把希望寄托在某人身上] pin down: to know or understand clearly; identify准确知道，证实
Reading Comprehension
I. Choose the best for each of the following.
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1. Many parents believe that giving the baby a name is very important because
A. only parents can name their babies
B. the baby-naming industry is booming
C. names are seen to predict the babies' future
D. many parents don't like their own names
2. Robert named his last child Loser because
A. he seemed to be influenced by the books about how to give names
B. he was unhappy about the baby
C. he loved this baby very much
D. he didn't like this baby
3. The story of Winner and Loser suggests that
A. a name can indeed predict a person's future
B. a name can predict the opposite future
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C. they got the wrong names
D. a person's name itself is not decisive
4. The black parents give their children superblack names because
A. they are forbidden to give their children \"white names\"
B. they just follow their black culture
C. they don't accept white people
D. their children like superblack names
5. The study of the two identical resumes with one white name and the other an immigrant or minority-sounding name shows that
A. white people are more lovable
B. there still exists racial discrimination
C. resumes are fake
D. people like to make their resumes more attractive.
II. Complete the following summary of the text by filling in the blanks with words. The
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initial letter of each word has been given to you.
Any parent wants to give some positive influence on her child's future. The parental power is (1) manifest (is showing) first in giving the baby a name. Many parents believe that names are seen to carry great aesthetic or (2) predictive powers, so the baby-naming industry is (3) booming.
A New York City man, Robert Lane, influenced by the name's bookend (end: result) effect [effective有效(达到预期的目的)<->efficiency效率(单位时间内完成的工作量多)], called his last two babies Winner and Loser (4) respectively (分别). When the two boys grew up, their situations were quite different from what their names suggested (implied): Loser was (5) successful but Winner was in fact a (6) 1oser (failure/ wretch不幸的人) in life.
Fryer, a black economist studies the (7) disparity (difference) between blacks and whites. The study shows that blacks and whites watch different (8) television shows, smoke different (9) cigarettes, and even name their children very differently. In Fryer's view, giving child a superblack name is a black parent's signal of solidarity (isolation孤单) with the community. So how does it matter if you have a very white name or a very black name? The study of two identical resumes with a white name and the other non-white name shows that people with white names always get more job (10) interviews. [方正Fountain (泉水) Stone; Kill two birds with one stone.一石二鸟/ 一箭双雕]
Vocabulary
I. Choose the answer that best completes each sentence.
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1. Jones is _____ as a novelist.
A. boom B. (dome穹顶<->) doom(灾难)
C. booming D. dooming
2. The government has _____ to improving health education.
A. promised
B. committed itself (~ oneself to sth.=take the responsibility of承担责任)
C. planned
D. intended
3. A railway _____ arrested him.
A. detect B. detection C. detecting D. detective
4. Each rank (军衔) in the army has a _____ sign to wear.
A. distinction (n.) B. distinctive (different)
C. distinguish (vt.区别于) D. distinctively (adv.)
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5. The story of the boy's adventures _____ their friends.
A. intrigued (arouse the interest of sb.)
B. introduced
C. interest (n./ vt.)
D. interrupt (插入/ 插嘴) <->intervene干涉
6. He deserved long imprisonment for his many _____.
A. misdeeds (crimes)
B. misfortune [(1) fortune=luck; (2)treasure: e.g. make/ earn money->make a fortune发财)
C. mischief伤害
D. misery (n.悲惨->miserable; e.g. live/ lead a happy/~ life)
7. The judge jailed the young _____ for thirty days. A. offend (vt. 犯罪)
B. offender (criminal罪犯)
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C. offence (n. 犯罪)
D. offensive (adj.得罪人的)
8. I can't _____ any difference between these coins (硬币).
A. perfect [(1)完美无缺的; (2)vt. improve]
B. perform (vt.)->performance (n.)
C. perplex (vt.) 使困惑=confuse
D. perceive (vt.)understand知觉/ 理解
9. They were essential (=most important) to the economic _____ of the country.
A. prosper (vi.)
B. prosperous (adj.)
C. prosperity (n.)
D. prosperously (add + verb->adv.副词)
10. The gang committed several _____ crimes. [Gang of Four四人班]
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A. outrageous
B. outgoing (adj.外向的)
C. outcome (=result)
D. outright (adj./ adv. Frank/ frankly直率)
II. Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases given below. Change the form where necessary.
academics
aesthetic
noteworthy
fake
mix up manifest obsessive segregation
proliferation come across starkly resumes
sheer ungovernable over one's head
1. Over the past two years we have witnessed (wit智慧；witness: 证人/ 见证; eye witnesses目击证人；experienced) the proliferation (n. 增加; increasing) of TV channels.
2. I tried to take in what he was saying about (nu-: = new) nuclear fission (n. 裂变), but most of it went (beyond) over my head (understanding).
3. This chair may be aesthetic but it's not very comfortable.
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4. The painting looked old but was a recent fake.
5. He has an obsession (着迷) with looking good.
6. She sent her resume to fifty companies, but didn't even get an interview.
7. The boy's bad (behave->) behavior is a manifestation (sign迹象) of his unhappiness.
8. I came across (=meet) this book in an old bookstore.
9. Such behavior was sheer (only/ pure) (fool: n./vt.-> foolish->) foolishness.
10. He mixed up the addresses so that no one got the right letters.
Translation
Put the following paragraphs into Chinese.
Every generation seems to produce a few marquee academics who advance the thinking on black culture. Roland G. Fryer Jr., the young black economist who analyzed the \"acting white\"(模仿) phenomenon and the black-white test score gap, may be among the next (topic).
In addition to economic and social disparity between blacks and whites, Fryer had become intrigued by the virtual segregation of culture. Blacks and whites watch different television shows. They smoke different cigarettes. And black parents give their children names that are starkly different from white children's.
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参考译文：
几乎每一代都会产生一些能够推动黑人文化研究的学者。黑人经济学家小罗兰德·弗立叶就是这些学者当中的一位。正像我们前面谈到的那样，他曾经分析过“模仿白人行为”和“黑人与白人之间的成绩差异”问题。
除了黑人和白人之间的经济以及社会地位上的差距之外，弗立叶还对二者之间文化上的隔阂进行了研究。黑人和白人喜欢看不同的电视节目。他们抽不同的香烟。而且黑人父母也往往会给孩子取一些截然不同于白人的名字。
Part II. Reading for Amusement
I have a friend named Monty Roberts who owns a horse ranch in San Ysidro. He has let me use his house to put on fund-raising events to raise money for youth at risk programs.
The last time I was there he introduced me by saying, \"I want to tell you why I let Jack use my house. It all goes back to a story about a young man who was the son of an itinerant horse trainer who would go from stable to stable, race track to race track, farm to farm and ranch to ranch, training horses. As a result, the boy's high school career was continually interrupted. When he was a senior, he was asked to write a paper about what he wanted to be and do when he grew up.\"
That night he wrote a seven-page paper describing his goal of someday owning a horse ranch. He wrote about his dream in great detail and he even drew a diagram of a 200-acre ranch, showing the location of all the building, the stables and the track. Then he drew a
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detailed floor plan for a 4,000-square-foot house that would sit on a 200-acre dream ranch.
He put a great deal of his heart into the project and the next day he handed it in to his teacher.
Two days later he received his paper back. On the front page was a large red F with a note that read, \"See me after class.\"
The boy with the dream went to see the teacher after class and asked, \"Why did I receive an F?\"
The teacher said, \"This is an unrealistic dream for a young boy like you. You have no money. You come from an itinerant family. You have no resources. Owning a horse ranch requires a lot of money. You have to buy the land. You have to pay for the original breeding stock and later you'll have to pay large stud fees. There's no way you could ever do it.\" Then the teacher added, \"If you will rewrite this paper with a more realistic goal, I will reconsider your grade.\"
The boy went home and thought about it long and hard. He asked his father what he should do. His father said, \"Look, son, you have to make up your own mind on this. However, I think it is a very important decision for you.\"
Finally after sitting with it for a week, the boy turned in the same paper, making no changes at all. He stated, \"You can keep the F and I'll keep my dream.\"
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Monty then turned to the assembled group and said, \"I tell you this story because you are sitting in my 4,000-square-foot house in the middle of my 200-acre horse ranch. I still have that school paper framed over the fireplace.\"
He added, \"The best part of the story is that two summers ago that same schoolteacher brought 30 kids to camp out on my ranch for a week. When the teacher was leaving, he said, 'Look, Monty, I can tell you this now When I was your teacher, I was something of a dream stealer. During those years I stole a lot of kids' dreams. Fortunately you had enough gumption not to give up on yours.'\"
Don't let anyone steal your dreams. Follow your heart, no matter what.
Vocabulary
Assemble
floor plan
gumption
itinerant: adj.
original
ranch: n.
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unrealistic adj.
Part III. Grammar
非谓语动词(一)——动词不定式
非谓语动词(the Non-finite Verb)在英语中不能单独用作谓语，而是担任其他语
法功能。非谓语动词有动词不定式(the Infinitive)、动名词(Gerund)和分词(the
Participle)。
动词不定式由“to+动词原形”构成，其否定形式是“not to+动词原形”。动词不
定式在句中起名词、形容词或副词的作用，同时也保持动词的一些特征。
一、语法功能
1.作主语。
(1)To err is human，to forgive divine
(2)To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness one can get
2. 作表语。
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(1)Being creative is to improve our lobs
(2)That little girl’s wish is to become a great singer
3.作宾语和宾语补足语。
(1) I can’t afford to buy a big house
(2)The man asked me to give him a chance to appreciate Chinese art
4.作定语。
(1)There will be a lot of difficulties for us to overcome in the reformation
(2)In our country all the children have the chance to go to school
5.作状语。
(1)We must be careful in order not to do anything that might endanger the
economic recovery(目的状语)
(2)He opened his lip，as if to say something(方式状语)
(3)I am delighted to meet you(原吲状语)
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(4) The public advocate votes only to break a tie(结果状语)
(5)You will do well to speak more carefully．(条件状语)
二、时态和语态
1.不定式的进行时：不定式的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生。
Well I came in，he pretended to be doing his homework carefully．
2.不定式的完成时：不定式的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前
You are lucky to have won the girl’s heart.
3不定式的完成进行时：不定式的动作在谓语动词的动作之前一直进行。
I am glad to have been working with you
4. 动词不定式的被动式：当不定式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者时，用被动式
(1) The novel is said to have been translated into many languages
(2) to be invited to the banquet is a great honor．
三、不定式的使用要点
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1.感官动词和使役动词后的不定式作宾语补足语省略to：
(1) I watch them play on the playground
(2) He made us use a series of releasers in our conversation
2. 以why引导的疑问句中不定式不用to。
Why not customize a schedule for your own training needs?
3. had best，had better, would rather, would better, rather than，no sooner than等
短语后的不定式不用to：
(1)I prefer to go out rather than stay at home
(2)You had better learn some essential information about it.
Exercise
Put the verbs in brackets into appropriate verb forms.
1. China encourages foreign investors to build (build) highways (公路# free/ express way高速公路), bridges and tunnels (隧道#channel渠道/ 频道)
either through joint venture (合资) or in sole proprietorship (独资).
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2. I would love (want) to have gone (go) to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.
3. The improvement of China's costal harbors has created favorable conditions for large American ships (hand->handle=load<->unload) to be handled (handle) directly. 4. Rather than travel (travel) by air, he preferred a train on his tour (n./vt. Travel; prefer A to B).
5. This novel is said to have been translated (translate) into more than ten languages in the past few years.
6. He looked too young to have been publishing (publish) books for six years. 7. (mon/ Ma=my; dame=wife) Madame Curie is believed to have discovered (discover) the radium (镭).
8. Each of us should have a role to play (to play a role/ part) in making the earth a better place to live in.
9. Mrs. Brown is supposed to (should) have left (leave) for Italy last week. 10. He had no (alter->change) alternative (n. choice/ option选项) but (except) to go (go) to see him.
Translation
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增词法（二）
上一单元我们主要是从词类的增补人手的，本章我们将重点放在词义的增补上。在翻
译时为了能够让译文更加简单易懂，有时需要补足词语本身含义或是补足其在修辞方面欠
缺的部分来达到目的。下面是几种常见的增词方法和技巧：
一、补足语法意义
在英语中，动词时态和名词的复数含义往往表现在词语本身的屈折变化上，因此统称
为结构意义或语法意义；在汉语中，这类含义则需要通过相应的词语来表达．如副词，助
词等。因此，对于原文中的各种语法意义，要根据具体情况来使用增词法，例如对于不同
时态的再现就可以通过这种方式来得以实现：
1 I treated you as my brother, but not now．
我曾经把你当成兄弟，但是现在不是了：
2 I WAS，and remain，grateful for the part be played in my release.
我的获释是他成全的，对此我过去很感激，现在仍然很感激。
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3. The high-altitude plane was and still is a remarkable bird.
该高空飞机过去是现在仍然是一种了不起的飞机。
4 The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him.
那位老人已经教会了孩子捕鱼，所以孩子很爱他。
又如，汉语名词的复数没有词形变化，很多情况下不必表达出来。但要表达指多数人的名词时，可在该名词后面加“们”字．如“the teachers”为“教师们”，或在该名词前面加上“诸位”、“各(位)”，如“ladies and gentlemen”为“诸位(各位)女士和先生”。
此外，英语名词复数，汉译时还可以根据情况，增加重叠词、数词或其他一些词来表达，这样做可以让译文更加通顺，更加完整。
1. 增加重叠词表示复数
(1) Flowers bloom all over the yard
朵朵鲜花开满了庭院。
(2)Newsmen went flying off to Mexico.
记者纷纷飞到墨西哥去了。
(3)There were lows of houses which he had never seen before
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一排排的房子，都是他从来没有见过的。
2.增加数词或其他词表示复数
(1)The lion is the king of animals.
狮是百兽之王。
(2)We have to face different problems
我们得面对各种不同的问题。
(3)The very earth trembled as with tramps of horses and murmur of angry men.
连大地都震动了，仿佛万马奔腾，千夫怒吼。
二、补足背景知识
有些原文，如果直译，会使读者感到意义含混不清。因此，译者在理解原文之后，挖掘原文的内在精神，在译文中添加一些反映背景情况或解释性的词语，把原文的内在精神传达出来。
1. Le Monde，the BBC，the New York Times，the entre Arab press，all quote Heikal
at length
法国的《世界报》、英国广播公司、美国《纽约时报》及整个阿拉伯报界，都经常
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大量引用海卡尔的话。
2 In Apra，there was the “ping” heard around the world in July, the ping “ponged”
4月里，全世界听到主旦“乒”的一声把球打了出去；到了7月，美国“乓”的
一声把球打了回采。——
注：这句话讲的是20世纪70年代中国与美国之间进行乒乓外交的事。如直译为\"4
月里，全世界听到乒的一声；7月里，这乒声却乓了一下”，读来就不知所云了, 译文中
加上反映背景情况的词，意思便一目了然
三、补足附加意义
在英语中常只出现名词，而没有动词修辞．但译成汉语时要译出相应的动词．否则表
意就不明确了，如：
In the evening，after the banquets，the conceits and the table tennis exhibitions，he would work oil the drafting of the final communiqué.
晚上在参加宴会，出席音乐会，观看乒乓球表演之后，他得起草最后公报。
汉语中，我们常在动词前加上修辞词来加强表达的程度，而英语就没这个习惯了。如：
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1 As he sat down and began talking， words poured out.
他一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝地讲个没完。
2 The crowds melted away.
人群渐渐地散开了。
四、补足原文中的省略部分
尽管英汉两种语言在使用过程中都有省略的语法现象，但是它们省略的程度却并不一样。因此．在翻译过程中我们就必须补足目标语言中不能随意省略的部分来增强译文表达的效果。例如：
1 Do you like sport? Yes，l do.
你喜欢体育运动吗? 是的，我喜欢体育运动。
2 Shall I bring you a dictionary or an encyclopedia? Both、please.
给你带一本词典来还是带一本百科全书来?请把两样都带来。
3 Are you tired? Not very.
你累了吗?不太累。
Exercise
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Turn the following sentences into Chinese.
1. I had known (experienced) two great social systems.
2. Man, was, is and always will be trying to improve his living conditions.
3. There were rows (横排<->line行/ column列) of houses which he had never seen before.
4. Three cobblers (鞋匠) with their wits (intelligence) combined equal (adj./ vt.) Zhuge Liang the mastermind (大师). [Two heads are better than one]
5. This little boy always washes his hands before meals and then dries them with napkins (餐巾). [take a nap睡午觉->kidnap绑架]
参考译文：
1. 那以前，我就经历过两大社会制度。
2. 人类过去、现在而且将来总是在尽力改善生活条件。
3. 一排排的房子，都是他从来没有见过的。
4. 三个臭皮匠,胜过一个诸葛亮。
5. 这个小男孩饭前都洗手，然后用餐巾纸擦干。
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Bonus
Below are some expressions about economy.
international (money->) monetary fund (n./ vt.) 国际货币基金组织
consumer price index消费(者物价)指数
economic (indicate->) indicator经济指标
economy of scale (n.称/ 规模)规模经济
(acquire->) acquiring company收购公司
(author作者->authority权威->authorities政府当局) authorized dealer授权交易商
clearly-established ownership产权清晰 [(1)adj.某人的; (2)vt. 拥有]
opening price开市价/ 开盘价
foreign exchange外汇交易
monetary crisis货币危机
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