mini3

INSTALLINGMINIX3

ThisappendixexplainshowtoinstallMINIX3.AcompleteMINIX3instal-lationrequiresaPentium(orcompatible)withatleast16-MBofRAM,1GBoffreediskspace,anIDECD-ROMandanIDEharddisk.Aminimalinstallation(withoutthecommandssources)requires8MBRAMand50MBofdiskspace.SerialATA,USB,andSCSIdisksarenotsupportedatpresent.ForUSBCD-ROMS,seetheWebsite:www.minix3.org.

A.1PREPARATION

IfyoualreadyhavetheCD-ROM(e.g.,fromthebook),youcanskipsteps1and2,butitiswisetocheckwww.minix3.orgtoseeifanewerversionisavail-able.IfyouwanttorunMINIX3onasimulatorinsteadofnative,seePartVfirst.IfyoudonothaveanIDECD-ROM,eithergetthespecialUSBCD-ROMbootimageoruseasimulator.

1.DownloadtheMINIX3CD-ROMimage

DownloadtheMINIX3CD-ROMimagefromtheMINIX3Websiteatwww.minix3.org.

2.CreateabootableMINIX3CD-ROM

Decompressthedownloadedfile.YouwillgetaCD-ROMimagefilewithextension.isoandthismanual.The.isofileisabit-for-bitCD-ROMimage.BurnittoaCD-ROMtomakeabootableCD-ROM.

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IfyouareusingEasyCDCreator5,select‘‘RecordCDfromCDimage’’fromtheFilemenuandchangethefiletypefrom.cifto.isointhedialogboxthatappears.Selecttheimagefileandclick‘‘Open.’’Thenclick‘‘StartRecording.’’

IfyouareusingNeroExpress5,choose‘‘DiscImageorSavedProject’’andchangethetypeto‘‘ImageFiles,’’selecttheimagefileandclick‘‘Open.’’SelectyourCDrecorderandclickon‘‘Next.’’

IfyouarerunningWindowsXPanddonothaveaCD-ROMburningpro-gram,takealookatalexfeinman.brinkster.net/isorecorder.htmforafreeoneanduseittocreateaCDimage.

3.DeterminewhichEthernetChipyouhave

MINIX3supportsseveralEthernetchipsfornetworkingoverLAN,ADSL,andcable.TheseincludeIntelPro/100,RealTek8029and8139,AMDLANCE,andseveral3Comchips.DuringsetupyouwillbeaskedwhichEthernetchipyouhave,ifany.Determinethatnowbylookingatyourdocumentation.Alternatively,ifyouareusingWindows,gotothedevicemanagerasfollows:

Windows2000:Start>Settings>ControlPanel>System>Hardware>DeviceManagerWindowsXP:Start>ControlPanel>System>Hardware>DeviceManager

Systemrequiresdoubleclicking;therestaresingle.Expandthe+nextto‘‘Net-workadapters’’toseewhatyouhave.Writeitdown.Ifyoudonothaveasup-portedchip,youcanstillrunMINIX3,butwithoutEthernet.

4.Partitionyourharddisk

YoucanbootthecomputerfromyourCD-ROMifyoulikeandMINIX3willstart,buttodoanythinguseful,youhavetocreateapartitionforitonyourharddisk.Butbeforepartitioning,besuretobackupyourdatatoanexternalmed-iumlikeCD-ROMorDVDasasafetyprecaution,justincasesomethinggoeswrong.Yourfilesarevaluable;protectthem.

Unlessyouaresureyouareanexpertondiskpartitioningwithmuchexperi-ence,itisstronglysuggestedthatyoureadtheonlinetutorialondiskpartitioningatwww.minix3.org/doc/partitions.html.Ifyoualreadyknowhowtomanagepar-titions,createacontiguouschunkoffreediskspaceofatleast50MB,or,ifyouwantallthecommandssources,1GB.Ifyoudonotknowhowtomanageparti-tionsbuthaveapartitioningprogramlikePartitionMagic,useittocreatearegionoffreediskspace.Alsomakesurethereisatleastoneprimarypartition(i.e.,MasterBootRecordslot)free.TheMINIX3setupscriptwillguideyouthroughcreatingaMINIXpartitioninthefreespace,whichcanbeoneitherthefirstorsecondIDEdisk.

IfyouarerunningWindows95,98,ME,or2000andyourdiskconsistsofasingleFATpartition,youcanusethepresz134.exeprogramontheCD-ROM(alsoavailableatzeleps.com)toreduceitssizetoleaveroomforMINIX.Inallothercases,pleasereadtheonlinetutorialcitedabove.

SEC.A.1PREPARATION

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Ifyourdiskislargerthan128GB,theMINIX3partitionmustfallentirelyinthefirst128GB(duetothewaydiskblocksareaddressed).

WARNING:Ifyoumakeamistakeduringdiskpartitioning,youcanloseallthedataonthedisk,sobesuretobackituptoCD-ROMorDVDbeforestarting.Diskpartitioningrequiresgreatcare,soproceedwithcaution.

A.2BOOTING

Bynowyoushouldhaveallocatedsomefreespaceonyourdisk.Ifyouhavenotdonesoyet,pleasedoitnowunlessthereisanexistingpartitionyouarewil-lingtoconverttoMINIX3.

1.BootfromtheCD-ROM

InserttheCD-ROMintoyourCD-ROMdriveandbootthecomputerfromit.Ifyouhave16MBofRAMormore,choose‘‘Regular;’’ifyouhaveonly8MBchoose‘‘small.’’IfthecomputerbootsfromtheharddiskinsteadoftheCD-ROM,bootagainandentertheBIOSsetupprogramtochangetheorderofbootdevices,puttingtheCD-ROMbeforetheharddisk.

2.Loginasroot

Whentheloginpromptappears,loginasroot.Afterasuccessfulloginasroot,youwillseetheshellprompt(#).Atthispointyouarerunningfully-operationalMINIX3.Ifyoutype:

ls/usr/bin|more

youcanseewhatsoftwareisavailable.Hitspacetoscrollthelist.Toseewhatprogramfoodoes,type:

manfoo

Themanualpagesarealsoavailableatwww.minix3.org/manpages.3.Startthesetupscript

TostarttheinstallationofMINIX3ontheharddisk,type

setup

Afterthisandallothercommands,besuretotypeENTER(RETURN).Whentheinstallationscriptendsascreenwithacolon,hitENTERtocontinue.Ifthescreensuddenlygoesblank,pressCTRL-F3toselectsoftwarescrolling(shouldonlybeneededonveryoldcomputers).NotethatCTRL-keymeansdepresstheCTRLkeyandwhileholdingitdown,press‘‘key.’’

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A.3INSTALLINGTOTHEHARDDISK

Thesestepscorrespondtothestepsonthescreen.

1.Selectkeyboardtype

Whenyouareaskedtoselectyournationalkeyboard,doso.Thisandotherstepshaveadefaultchoice,insquarebrackets.Ifyouagreewithit,justhitENTER.Inmoststeps,thedefaultisgenerallyagoodchoiceforbeginners.Theus-swapkeyboardinterchangestheCAPSLOCKandCTRLkeys,asisconven-tionalonUNIXsystems.

2.SelectyourEthernetchip

YouwillnowbeaskedwhichoftheavailableEthernetdriversyouwantin-stalled(ornone).Pleasechooseoneoftheoptions.

3.Basicminimalorfulldistribution?

Ifyouaretightondiskspace,selectMforaminimalinstallationwhichincludesallthebinariesbutonlythesystemsourcesinstalled.Theminimaloptiondoesnotinstallthesourcesofthecommands.50MBisenoughforabare-bonessystem.Ifyouhave1GBormore,chooseFforafullinstallation.4.CreateorselectapartitionforMINIX3

YouwillfirstbeaskedifyouareanexpertinMINIX3diskpartitioning.Ifso,youwillbeplacedinthepartprogramtogiveyoufullpowertoedittheMasterBootRecord(andenoughropetohangyourself).Ifyouarenotanexpert,pressENTERforthedefaultaction,whichisanautomatedstep-by-stepguidetofor-mattingadiskpartitionforMINIX3.

Substep4.1:SelectadisktoinstallMINIX3

AnIDEcontrollermayhaveuptofourdisks.Thesetupscriptwillnowlookforeachone.Justignoreanyerrormessages.Whenthedrivesarelisted,selectone.andconfirmyourchoice.IfyouhavetwoharddisksandyoudecidetoinstallMINIX3tothesecondoneandhavetroublebootingfromit,pleaseseewww.minix3.org/doc/using2disks.htmlforthesolution.

Substep4.2:Selectadiskregion

NowchoosearegiontoinstallMINIX3into.Youhavethreechoices:(1)Selectafreeregion

(2)Selectapartitiontooverwrite

(3)DeleteapartitiontofreeupspaceandmergewithadjacentfreespaceForchoices(1)and(2),typetheregionnumber.For(3)type

delete

SEC.A.3INSTALLINGTOTHEHARDDISK

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thengivetheregionnumberwhenasked.Thisregionwillbeoverwrittenanditspreviouscontentslostforever.

Substep4.3:Confirmyourchoices

Youhavenowreachedthepointofnoreturn.Youwillbeaskedifyouwanttocontinue.Ifyoudo,thedataintheselectedregionwillbelostforever.Ifyouaresure,type:

yes

andthenENTER.Toexitthesetupscriptwithoutchangingthepartitiontable,hitCTRL-C.

5.Reinstallchoice

IfyouchoseanexistingMINIX3partition,inthisstepyouwillbeofferedachoicebetweenaFullinstall,whicheraseseverythinginthepartition,andaRein-stall,whichdoesnotaffectyourexisting/homepartition.Thisdesignmeansthatyoucanputyourpersonalfileson/homeandreinstallanewerversionofMINIX3whenitisavailablewithoutlosingyourpersonalfiles.

6.Selectthesizeof/home

Theselectedpartitionwillbedividedintothreesubpartitions:root,/usr,and/home.Thelatterisforyourownpersonalfiles.Specifyhowmuchofthepartitionshouldbesetasideforyourfiles.Youwillbeaskedtoconfirmyourchoice.7.Selectablocksize

Diskblocksizesof1-KB,2-KB,4-KB,and8-KBaresupported,buttouseasizelargerthan4-KByouhavetochangeaconstantandrecompilethesystem.Ifyourmemoryis16MBormore,usethedefault(4KB);otherwise,use1KB.8.Waitforbadblockdetection

Thesetupscriptwillnowscaneachpartitionforbaddiskblocks.Thiswilltakeseveralminutes,possibly10minutesormoreonalargepartition.Pleasebepatient.Ifyouareabsolutelycertaintherearenobadblocks,youcankilleachscanbyhittingCTRL-C.

9.Waitforfilestobecopied

Whenthescanfinishes,fileswillbeautomaticallycopiedfromtheCD-ROMtotheharddisk.Everyfilewillbeannouncedasitiscopied.Whenthecopyingiscomplete,MINIX3isinstalled.Shutthesystemdownbytyping

shutdown

AlwaysstopMINIX3thiswaytoavoiddatalossasMINIX3keepssomefilesontheRAMdiskandonlycopiesthembacktotheharddiskatshutdowntime.

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10.Installpackages

Tostart,bootyournewMINIX3systemForexample,ifyouusedcontroller0,disk0,partition3,type

bootc0d0p3

andloginasroot.UnderveryrareconditionsthedrivenumberseenbytheBIOS(andusedbythebootmonitor)maynotagreewiththeoneusedbyMINIX3.Trytheoneannouncedbythesetupscriptfirst.

TheMINIX3distributioncomeswithalargenumberofsoftwarepackages.Toinstallthem,type

packman

andchooseoneoftheoptions,dependingonwhetheryouwanttoinstallallthebinaries,allthebinariesandsources,orselectthepackagesyouwant.Whenyouhavefinishedinstallingpackages,exitpackmanbychoosingoption5.IfyouhaveinstalledtheXWindowspackage,youcanstartitnowbytyping

xdm

A.4TESTING

Thissectiontellsyouhowtotestyourinstallation,rebuildthesystemaftermodifyingit,andbootitlater.Tostart,bootyournewMINIX3system.Forexample,ifyouusedcontroller0,disk0,partition3,type

bootc0d0p3

andloginasroot.UnderveryrareconditionsthedrivenumberseenbytheBIOS(andusedbythebootmonitor)maynotagreewiththeoneusedbyMINIX3.Trytheoneannouncedbythesetupscriptfirst.Thisisagoodtimetocreatearootpassword.Seemanpasswdforhelp.

1.Compilethetestsuite

TotestMINIX3,atthecommandprompt(#)type

cd/usr/src/testmake

andwaituntilitcompletesall40compilations.LogoutbytypingCTRL-D,2.Runthetestsuite

Totestthesystem,loginasbin(required)andtype

SEC.A.4

cd/usr/src/test./run

TESTING

635

torunthetestprograms.Theyshouldallruncorrectlybuttheycantake20minonafastmachineandoveranhouronaslowone.Note:Itisnecessarytocompilethetestsuitewhenrunningasrootbutexecuteitasbininordertoseeifthesetuidbitworkscorrectly.

3.Rebuildtheentireoperatingsystem

Ifallthetestsworkcorrectly,youcannowrebuildthesystem.Doingsoisnotnecessarysinceitcomesprebuilt,butifyouplantomodifythesystem,youwillneedtoknowhowtorebuildit.Besides,rebuildingthesystemisagoodtesttoseeifitworks.Type:

cd/usr/src/toolsmake

toseethevariousoptionsavailable.Nowmakeanewbootableimagebytyping

su

makeclean

timemakeimage

Youjustrebuilttheoperatingsystem,includingallthekernelanduser-modeparts.Thatdidnottakeverylong,didit?Ifyouhavealegacyfloppydiskdrive,youcanmakeabootablefloppyforuselaterbyinsertingaformattedfloppyandtyping

makefdboot

Whenyouareaskedtocompletethepath,type:

fd0

ThisapproachdoesnotcurrentlyworkwithUSBfloppiessincethereisnoMINIX3USBfloppydiskdriveryet.Toupdatethebootimagecurrentlyinstalledontheharddisk,type

makehdboot

4.Shutdownandrebootthenewsystem

Tobootthenewsystem,firstshutdownbytyping:

shutdown

ThiscommandsavescertainfilesandreturnsyoutotheMINIX3bootmonitor.Togetasummaryofwhatthebootmonitorcando,whileinit,type:

help

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Formoredetails,seewww.minix3.org/manpages/man8/boot.8.html.YoucannowremoveanyCD-ROMorfloppydiskandturnoffthecomputer.5.BootingTomorrow

Ifyouhavealegacyfloppydiskdrive,thesimplestwaytobootMINIX3isbyinsertingyournewbootfloppyandturningonthepower.Ittakesonlyafewseconds.Alternatively,bootfromtheMINIX3CD-ROM,loginasbinandtype:

shutdown

togetbacktotheMINIX3bootmonitor.Nowtype:

bootc0d0p0

tobootfromtheoperatingsystemimagefileoncontroller0,driver0,partition0.Ofcourse,ifyouputMINIX3ondrive0partition1,use:

bootc0d0p1

andsoon.

AthirdpossibilityforbootingistomaketheMINIX3partitiontheactiveone,andusetheMINIX3bootmonitortostartMINIX3oranyotheroperatingsystem.Fordetailsseewww.minix3.org/manpages/man8/boot.8.html.

Finally,afourthoptionisforyoutoinstallamultibootloadersuchasLILOorGRUB(www.gnu.org/software/grub).Thenyoucanbootanyofyouroperatingsystemseasily.Discussionofmultibootloadersisbeyondthescopeofthisguide,butthereissomeinformationonthesubjectatwww.minix3.org/doc.

A.5USINGASIMULATOR

AcompletelydifferentapproachtorunningMINIX3istorunitontopofanotheroperatingsysteminsteadofnativeonthebaremetal.Variousvirtualmachines,simulators,andemulatorsareavailableforthispurpose.Someofthemostpopularonesare:

dVMware(www.vmware.com)dBochs(www.bochs.org)dQEMU(www.qemu.org)

Seethedocumentationforeachofthem.Runningaprogramonasimulatorissimilartorunningitontheactualmachine,soyoushouldgobacktoPartIandacquirethelatestCD-ROMandcontinuefromthere.